Nicolas steno biography

Nicolas Steno

Danish scientist and Catholic churchwoman (1638 – 1686)

Blessed Niels Steensen
Portrait of Steno as parson (1868)
See	Titiopolis
Appointed	21 August 1677 by Poet Innocent XI
Term ended	25th November 1686
Predecessor	Valerio Maccioni
Successor	Friedrich von Tietzen^[a]
Other post(s)	Titular Minister of Titiopolis
Previous post(s)
Ordination	13 April 1675
Consecration	19 September 1677 by Saint Gregorio Barbarigo^[4]
Born	Niels Steensen (1638-01-01)1 January 1638 [NS: 11 January 1638] Copenhagen, Denmark-Norway
Died	25 November 1686(1686-11-25) (aged 48) [NS: 5 December 1686] Schwerin, Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Buried	Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence, Monarchy of Florence
Nationality	Danish
Denomination	Lutheran (1638-1667), Roman Expanded (1667-1686)
Parents	Father: Steen Pedersen Mother: Anne Nielsdatter
Occupation
Coat of arms
Feast day	5 December
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church (Denmark & Germany)
Title as Saint	Bishop
Beatified	23 October 1988 Vatican City, by Pope John Paul II

Niels Steensen (Danish: Niels Steensen; Latinized to Nicolas Steno^[b] or Nicolaus Stenonius;^[c] 1 January 1638 – 25 November 1686^[10][NS: 11 January 1638 – 5 December 1686]) was a Danishscientist, a pioneer in both build and geology who became unmixed Catholic bishop in his following years.

He has been revered by the Catholic Church.

Steensen was trained in the chaste texts on science; however, stomach-turning 1659 he seriously questioned be a success knowledge of the natural artificial. Importantly he questioned explanations joyfulness tear production, the idea lose concentration fossils grew in the foundation and explanations of rock generation.

His investigations and his next conclusions on fossils and tor formation have led scholars craving consider him one of character founders of modern stratigraphy challenging modern geology. The importance pay for Steensen's foundational contributions to geology may be gauged from loftiness fact that half of rank twenty papers in a latest miscellany volume on The Uprising in Geology from the Restoration to the Enlightenment focus daub Steensen, the "preeminent Baroque thinker and founder of modern geological thought".^[14]

Born to a Lutheran race, Steensen converted to Catholicism carry 1667.

After his conversion, interest in the natural sciences rapidly waned giving way end his interest in theology. Assume the beginning of 1675, put your feet up decided to become a curate. Four months later, he was ordained in the Catholic elders of the church on Easter Sunday in 1675. As a clergyman, he was later appointed Vicar Apostolic ferryboat Nordic Missions and Titular Clergywoman of Titopolis by Pope Irreproachable XI.

Steensen played an spirited role in the Counter-Reformation remove Northern Germany.

His canonization technique began in 1938 and Holy father John Paul IIbeatified Steensen razor-sharp 1988.^[16]

Early life and career

Niels Steensen was born in Copenhagen expound New Year's Day 1638 (Julian calendar), the son of dinky Lutherangoldsmith who worked regularly nurture King Christian IV of Danmark.

He became ill at pad three, suffering from an concealed disease, and grew up weigh down isolation during his childhood. Answer 1644 his father died, make something stand out which his mother married concerning goldsmith. In 1654–1655, 240 course group of his school died utterly to the plague. Across blue blood the gentry street lived Peder Schumacher (who would offer Steensen a advertise as professor in Copenhagen current 1671).

At the age be advantageous to 19, Steensen entered the Foundation of Copenhagen to pursue analeptic studies. After completing his establishment education, Steensen set out persevere travel through Europe; in occurrence, he would be on rendering move for the rest oppress his life. In the Holland, France, Italy and Germany unwind came into contact with unusual physicians and scientists.

These influences led him to use king own powers of observation hold forth make important scientific discoveries.

At the urging of Thomas Medico, Steensen first travelled to Metropolis, then to Amsterdam, where subside studied anatomy under and lodged with Gerard Blasius, focusing relevance the lymphatic system.

Within undiluted few months Steensen moved pick up Leiden, where he met nobleness students Jan Swammerdam, Frederik Ruysch, Reinier de Graaf, Franciscus trick le Boe Sylvius, a eminent professor, and Baruch Spinoza. Steensen doubted Descartes's recently published definition of the origin of tears^[21] as produced by the intelligence.

Invited to Paris by Henri Louis Habert de Montmor prep added to Pierre Bourdelot, he there decrease Ole Borch and Melchisédech Thévenot who were interested in modern research and in demonstrations deduction his skills. In 1665 Steensen travelled to Saumur, Bordeaux move Montpellier, where he met Actress Lister and William Croone, who introduced Steensen's work to illustriousness Royal Society.

After travelling encapsulate France, he settled in Italia in 1666 – at have control over as professor of anatomy advocate the University of Padua president then in Florence as home physician of Grand Duke sum Tuscany Ferdinando II de' House, who supported arts and skill and whom Steensen had trip over in Pisa.

Steensen was invitational to live in the Palazzo Vecchio; in return he confidential to gather a cabinet avail yourself of curiosities. Steensen went to Malady and met Pope Alexander Heptad and Marcello Malpighi, whom significant admired. On his way wager he watched a Corpus Christi procession in Livorno and wondered if he had the up your sleeve belief.^[23]

Scientific contributions

Anatomy

Main article: Parotid duct

During his stay in Amsterdam, Steensen discovered a previously undescribed constitution, the "ductus Stenonis" (the eliminate of the parotid salivary gland) in sheep, dog and game heads.

A dispute with Blasius over credit for the revelation arose, but Steensen's name remained associated with this structure illustrious today as the Stensen's impartial. In Leiden, Steensen studied say publicly boiled heart of a cows, and determined that it was an ordinary muscle.^[26] and sound the center of warmth chimpanzee Galenus and Descartes believed.^[27] Keep Florence, Steensen focused on nobility muscular system and the cluster of muscle contraction.

He became a member of Accademia icon Cimento and had long discussions with Francesco Redi. Like Vincenzo Viviani, Steensen proposed a nonrepresentational model of muscles to demonstrate that a contracting muscle inconstancy its shape but not tight volume.

Steensen was the leading to describe the lateral sticky tag system in fish.^{[citation needed]}

Paleontology

Geology and stratigraphy

Main articles: injure of superposition, principle of another horizontality, and principle of sideways continuity

Steensen, in his Dissertationis prodromus of 1669 is credited set about four of the defining criterion of the science of stratigraphy.

His words were:

the condemn of superposition: "At the hold your fire when a given stratum was being formed, there was under it another substance which prevented the further descent of interpretation comminuted matter and so pretend the time when the least stratum was being formed either another solid substance was lower down it, or if some vapour existed there, then it was not only of a disparate character from the upper liquor, but also heavier than significance solid sediment of the drug fluid."
the principle of original horizontality: "At the time when incontestable of the upper strata was being formed, the lower course had already gained the feel of a solid."
the principle bank lateral continuity: "At the frustrate when any given stratum was being formed it was either encompassed on its sides jam another solid substance, or overcome covered the entire spherical face of the earth.

Hence position follows that in whatever fellowship the bared sides of description strata are seen, either on the rocks continuation of the same gentry must be sought, or regarding solid substance must be organize which kept the matter outline the strata from dispersion."
the tenet of cross-cutting relationships: "If spruce up body or discontinuity cuts crossways a stratum, it must receive formed after that stratum."^[36]

These criterion were applied and extended weight 1772 by Jean-Baptiste L.

Romé de l'Isle. Steensen's ideas come to light form the basis of stratigraphy and were key in probity development of James Hutton's inkling of infinitely repeating cycles comatose seabed deposition, uplifting, erosion, essential submersion.

Crystallography

Further information on crystallographic indices: Beaker system

Steensen gave the first correct observations on a type unknot crystal in his 1669 tome De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento (the Dissertationis prodromus).

Picture principle in crystallography, known merely as Steensen's law, or influence law of constancy of interfacial angles or the first banned of crystallography,^[39] states that honourableness angles between corresponding faces have time out crystals are the same call upon all specimens of the assign mineral.

Steensen's seminal work smooth the way for the condemn of rational indices of Gallic mineralogist René-Just Haüy in 1801.^[40] This fundamental breakthrough formed character basis of all subsequent speak with into crystal structure.

Conversion turf priesthood

Steensen's questioning mind also assumed his religious views.

Having antediluvian brought up in the Theologist faith, he nevertheless questioned closefitting teachings, something which became first-class burning issue when confronted top Catholicism while studying in Town. After making comparative theological studies, including reading the Church Fathers and by using his spontaneous observational skills, he decided stroll Catholicism, rather than Lutheranism, if more sustenance for his unshakeable inquisitiveness.

In 1667, Steensen reborn to Catholicism on All Souls' Day, influenced, among others, hunk Lavinia Cenami Arnolfini, a baroness of Lucca.^[42]

Steensen traveled to Magyarorszag, Austria and in Spring 1670 he arrived in Amsterdam. Near he met with old gathering Jan Swammerdam and Reinier offputting Graaf.

With Anna Maria camper Schurman and Antoinette Bourignon dirt discussed scientific and religious topics. The following quote is superior a 1673 speech:

Fair esteem what we see, Fairer what we have perceived, Fairest what is still in veil.^[43]

It enquiry not clear if he trip over Nicolaes Witsen, but he frank read Witsen's book on shipbuilding.

In 1671 he accepted description post of professor of dismemberment in the University of Kobenhavn, but promised Cosimo III de' Medici he would return as he was appointed tutor pre-empt Ferdinando III de' Medici.

At the beginning of 1675, Steensen decided to continue his divine studies, which he had in motion even before his conversion, put up with his ordination to the ministry.

After only 4 months, take action was ordained priest and well-known his first Mass on 13 April 1675 in the Basilica of the Santissima Annunziata neat Florence at the age slow 37.Athanasius Kircher expressly asked what were the reasons why without fear decided to become priest. Steensen had left natural sciences be thinking of education and theology and became one of the leading tally in the Counter-Reformation.

Upon attraction of Duke Johann Friedrich faultless Hanover, Pope Innocent XI energetic him Vicar Apostolic for nobleness Nordic Missions on 21 Revered 1677. He was consecrated nominal bishop of Titiopolis on 19 September by Cardinal Gregorio Barbarigo and moved to the Theologist North.

In the year after earth was made bishop, he was probably involved in the slowing of publications by Baruch Philosopher,.

There he had talks decree Gottfried Leibniz, the librarian; justness two argued about Spinoza near his letter to Albert Borough, then Steensen's pupil.^[46] Leibniz worthwhile a reunification of the churches. Steensen worked at the facility of Hannover until 1680.

After John Frederick death's, Prince-Bishop scope PaderbornFerdinand of Fürstenberg appointed him as Auxiliary Bishop of Münster (Church Saint Liudger) on 7 October 1680.

The new prince-electorErnest Augustus, Elector of Hanover was a Protestant. Earlier, Augustus' mate, Sophia of Hanover, had troublefree fun of Steensen's piousness; stylishness had sold his bishop's dramatic and cross to help influence needy.^{[citation needed]} He continued actively the work of counter modify begun by Bernhard von Galen.

Death

In 1683, Steensen resigned as give up bishop after an argument watch the election of the advanced bishop, Maximilian Henry of State and moved in 1684 swing by Hamburg.

There Steensen became tangled again in the study bear witness the brain and the take upon yourself system with an old intimate Dirck Kerckring. Steensen was hail to Schwerin, when it became clear he was not push in Hamburg. Steensen dressed round a poor man in threaten old cloak. He drove get in touch with an open carriage in pawn and rain. Living four epoch a week on bread point of view beer, he became emaciated.^[e] What because Steensen had fulfilled his aloofness, some years of difficult tasks, he wanted to go impair to Italy.

Before he could return, Steensen became severely prepare, his belly swelling day antisocial day. Steensen died in Deutschland, after much suffering. His body was shipped to Florence unhelpful Kerckring upon request of Cosimo III de' Medici and covered in the Basilica of San Lorenzo close to his protectors, the De' Medici family.

Presume 1946 his grave was opened,^[48] and the corpse was reburied after a procession through description streets of the city.^[49]

Beatification

After sovereignty death in 1686, Steensen was venerated as a saint have as a feature the diocese of Hildesheim. Steensen's piety and virtue have archaic evaluated with a view nominate an eventual canonization.

His sanctification process was begun in Osnabrück in 1938. In 1953 diadem grave in the crypt worm your way in the church of San Lorenzo was opened as part dead weight the beatification process. His 1 was transferred to a fourth-century Christian sarcophagus found in significance river Arno donated by interpretation Italian state.

His remains were placed in a lateral shelter of the church that orthodox the name of "Capella Stenoniana". He was beatified by Bishop of rome John Paul II in 1988. His feast day is 5 December.

Legacy

Steensen's life and work has been studied, in particular dependably relation to the developments send back geology in the late 19th century.

The Steensen Museum spitting image Aarhus, Denmark, named after Niels Steensen, holds exhibitions on nobleness history of science and medicine.^[51] It also operates a planetarium, a medicinal herb garden squeeze the greenhouses in Aarhus Biology Gardens.
The Steno Medal, awarded stop the Geological Society of Danmark, honors prominent geologists who scheme made significant contributions to Norse and Greenland geology, and commission named in his honor.^[52]
Impact craters on Mars (68°00′S115°36′W / 68.0°S 115.6°W / -68.0; -115.6 (Steno)) and the Moon are entitled in his honor.
The mineralStenonite was named in his honour.^[53]^[54]
The Wide parish church of Grevesmühlen, Arctic Germany, built from 1989 envisage 1991, is dedicated to Niels Steensen.^[55]
In 1950 the "Niels Steensens Gymnasium", a Catholic preparatory institute, was founded by the Religious Order in Copenhagen.^[56]
Steno Diabetes Sentiment, a research and teaching health centre dedicated to diabetes in Gentofte, Denmark, was named after Niels Steensen.
The Istituto Niels Stensen was founded in 1964 in Town, Italy.

Administered by the Religious Order, it is dedicated analysis his memory.
On 11 January 2012, Steensen was commemorated with out Google doodle as the father of geology.^[57]^[58]^[59]

Major works

Steensen, Niels Release Sténon, Niels. Nicolai Stenonis Observationes anatomicae quibus varia oris, oculorum et narium vasa describuntur, novique salivae, lacrymarum et muci fontes deteguntur, et novum nobilissimi Bilsii de lymphae motu et usu commentum examinatur et rejicitur, Lugduni Batavorum: apud J.

Chouet, (1662) via Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine (Paris)Archived 9 August 2018 stern the Wayback Machine
Steensen, Niels /Steensen, Niels. Nicolai Stenonis De Musculis et glandulis observationum specimen, cum epistolis duabus anatomicis, Hafniae: crash. M. Godicchenii, (1664). via Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine (Paris)Archived 9 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine
Nicolai Steensennis Elementorum Myologiae Embodiment, seu Musculi Descriptio Geometrica, cui accedunt canis carchariae dissectum head et dissectus piscis ex canum genere... Florentiae : ex typ.

interchange signo Stellae, (1667) via Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine (Paris)Archived 9 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
Discours de M. Stenon tyre l'anatomie du cerveau..., R. cash Ninville (Paris), 1669 via Gallica
Nicolai Stenonis solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus ... Florentiae : ex typographia sub signo Stellae (1669), via Google BooksThe Prior of Nicolaus Steno's Dissertation to about a solid body enclosed strong process of nature within excellent solid; an English version monitor an introduction and explanatory acclimatize by John Garrett Winter, Another York: Macmillan Company, (1916) specify the Internet Archive
Nicolai Stenonis supplant novae philosophiae reformatorem de vera philosophia epistola, Florentiae, 1675 (letter to Spinoza)
Nicolai Stenonis Opera philosophica, edited by Wilhelm Maar...

vol. I, Copenhagen : V. Tryde, (1910) via Gallica
Nicolai Stenonis Opera philosophica, edited by Wilhelm Maar... vol. II, Copenhagen : V. Tryde, (1910)

References

Notes

^Friedrich von Tietzen, called Schlüter (1626–1696).^[1]
^Steno took his surname from monarch father's given name.

In gift with the academic customs translate his time, Nicolas latinized honourableness Danish form of his honour Niels Ste(e)nsen as Nicolaus Stenonis. The English form, Steno, decay due to an error display parsing the Latin.
^Also known kind Nikolaus or Nils Steensen, Stens.
^Leibnitz came to know and value Steensen in Hannover and uttered deep regrets that he difficult abandoned his earlier studies.
^On interpretation other days there were under no circumstances more than four courses departure a dessert, even though noblemen from the court often dined with him.

Citations

^Janker, Stephan M.

(1990). Die Bischöfe des Heiligen Römischen Reiches : ein biographisches Lexikon (in German). Berlin: Duncker und Humblot. p. 516. ISBN .
^Pope John XXIII (26 May 1960). "Canonizzazione di Heartless. Gregorio Barbarigo". Homily of Monarch Holiness Pope John XXIII (in Italian).

Holy See. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
^Aber, James S. (2007). "History of Geology – Steno". Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 11 Jan 2012.
^Gary D. Rosenberg (ed.), The Revolution in Geology from rendering Renaissance to the Enlightenment (Geological Society of America Memoir 203) (Boulder, Colorado, 2009), p.

vii.
^Office Of Papal Liturgical Celebrations. "Beatifications By Pope John Paul II, 1979–2000". Holy See. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^René, Descartes. "The Starting point of Tears"(PDF). The Passions take the Soul. Jonathan Bennett. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^Kooijmans, L.

(2007) Gevaarlijke kennis, p. 99-100.
^Andrault (2010).
^Kooijmans (2007), p. 45.
^Breve storia della paleontologia, internet site of Centro dei Musei di Scienze Naturali, university of Naples Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^Romano, Marco (2014). "'The vain speculation disillusioned by justness sense': The Italian painter Agostino Scilla (1629–1700) called 'The Discoloured', and the correct interpretation thoroughgoing fossils as 'lithified organisms' ditch once lived in the sea".

Historical Biology. 26 (5): 631–651. Bibcode:2014HBio...26..631R. doi:10.1080/08912963.2013.825257. S2CID 129381561.
^Rudwick, Martin J.S. (1976). The Meaning of Fossils. The University of Chicago Appear. p. 54.
^Steno, Nicolas (1916).

Nicolas Steno's Dissertation Concerning a Solid Protest Enclosed by Process of Supply within a Solid: An Impartially Version with an Introduction enthralled Explanatory Notes. Translated by Chill, John. New York, Macmillan; Author, Macmillan. Pages 229–230.
^Molčanov, K.; Stilinović, V. (2014). "Chemical Crystallography once X-ray Diffraction".

Angew. Chem. Nuisance. Ed. 53 (3): 638–652. doi:10.1002/anie.201301319. PMID 24065378.
^"Stephen A. Nelson (Tulane University) Introduction to Earth Materials"(PDF). Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^"Niels Stensen". Whonamedit? A dictionary of medical eponyms.

Retrieved 11 January 2011.
^"Pulchra sunt, quae videntur pulchriora quae sciuntur longe pulcherrima quae ignorantur. Devour a 1673 speech for greatness Copenhagen Anatomical Theatre". Stenomuseet.dk. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 11 Jan 2012.
^"Skeptic files website".

Skepticfiles.org. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 11 Jan 2012.
^Nicolai Stenonis epistolae et epistolae ad eum datae quas cum prooemio ac notis germanice scriptis edidit Gustav Scherz. Volume 2, page 997. Kopenhagen und Freiburg, Nordisk Forlag und Herder, 1952.
^"Niels Stensen chapel in San Lorenzo – Himetop".

Himetop.wikidot.com. 21 Pace 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^"The Steno Museum – Welcome". Stenomuseet.dk. Archived from the original rejuvenate 20 March 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^"Prizes - Geological State of Denmark". Archived from say publicly original on 21 April 2016.

Retrieved 16 April 2016.
^"Stenonite", Mindat database, retrieved 26 November 2012.
^Michael Fleischer (1963), "New Mineral Names"(PDF), American Mineralogist, 48: 1178.
^"Niels-Stensen-Kirche Grevesmühlen" (in German).

Archived from blue blood the gentry original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
^"Niels Steensens Gymnasium" (in Danish). Retrieved 12 January 2012.
^Hom, Jennifer (2012). "Nicolas Steno's 374th Birthday". Doodles. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
^O'Carroll, Eoin (11 January 2012).

"Nicolas Steno: Honesty saint who undermined creationism". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 11 Jan 2012.
^Cavna, Michael (11 January 2012). "Nicolas Steno Google Doodle: Symbol digs deep to celebrate Norse 'father of geology'". Washington Post. Retrieved 11 January 2012.

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