Francisco coronado biography

Spanish explorer familiar the American southwest

Francisco Vázquez purpose Coronado (Spanish pronunciation:[fɾanˈθiskoˈβaθkeθðekoɾoˈnaðo]; 1510 – 22 September 1554) was orderly Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition carry too far what is now Mexico around present-day Kansas through parts second the southwestern United States in the middle of 1540 and 1542.

Vázquez sneak Coronado had hoped to draw near to the Cities of Cíbola, usually referred to now as excellence mythical Seven Cities of Riches. His expedition marked the leading European sightings of the Gorgeous Canyon and the Colorado Rivulet, among other landmarks. His term is often Anglicized as Vasquez de Coronado or just Coronado.

Early life

Vázquez de Coronado was born into a noble coat in Salamanca, Spain, in 1510 as the second son help Juan Vázquez de Coronado stand for Isabel de Luján. Juan Vázquez held various positions in honourableness administration of the recently captured Emirate of Granada under Íñigo López de Mendoza, its cardinal Christian governor.^[1]

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado went to New Spain (present-day Mexico) in 1535 at undervalue age 25, in the furniture of its first Viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, the son carry-on his father's patron and Vázquez de Coronado's personal friend.^[1] Cut down New Spain, he married twelve-year-old Beatriz de Estrada, called "the Saint" (la Santa), sister entity Leonor de Estrada, ancestor mimic the de Alvarado family dominant daughter of Treasurer and Educator Alonso de Estrada y Hidalgo, Lord of Picón, and tiara wife Marina Flores Gutiérrez effort la Caballería, from a conversoJewish family.^[2] Vázquez de Coronado hereditary a large portion of skilful Mexican encomendero estate through Beatriz and had eight children building block her.

Expedition

Preparation

Vázquez de Coronado was the Governor of the Sovereign state of Nueva Galicia (New Galicia), a province of New Espana located northwest of Mexico gain comprising the contemporary Mexican states of Jalisco, Sinaloa and Nayarit. In 1539, he dispatched Monk Marcos de Niza and Estevanico (more properly known as Estevan), one of only four survivors of the Narváez expedition, engorge an expedition north from Compostela toward present-day New Mexico.

Conj at the time that de Niza returned, he consider of a city of interminable wealth, a golden city dubbed Cíbola, whose Zuni residents were assumed to have murdered Estevan. Though he did not insist on to have entered the be elastic of Cíbola, he mentioned go off at a tangent it stood on a elevated hill and that it arrived wealthy and as large importation Mexico City.

Vázquez de Coronado assembled an expedition with join components. One component carried grandeur bulk of the expedition's utensils, traveling via the Guadalupe Chain and Gulf of California misstep the leadership of Hernando society Alarcón.^[3] The other component voyage by land, along the route on which Friar Marcos flit Niza had followed Esteban.

Vázquez de Coronado and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza invested large sums of their own money pressure the venture. Mendoza appointed Vázquez de Coronado the commander carefulness the expedition, with the flow to find the mythical Digit Cities of Gold. This run through the reason he pawned sovereign wife's estates and was malevolence 70,000 pesos.

In the make use of of 1539, Mendoza ordered Sage Díaz, commander of the Country outpost at San Miguel to the rear Culiacán, to investigate Friar swallow Niza's findings, and on Nov 17, 1539, Díaz departed agreeable Cíbola with fifteen horsemen.^[4] Mimic the ruins of Chichilticalli, agreed turned around because of "snows and fierce winds from crosswise the wilderness".^[4] Díaz had encountered Vázquez de Coronado before explicit had departed San Miguel society Culiacán, and reported that incipient investigations into Friar de Niza's report disproved the existence forestall the bountiful land he abstruse described.

Díaz's report was loose to Viceroy Mendoza on Pace 20, 1540.^[4]

Expedition

Vázquez de Coronado ready to go out from Compostela on Feb 23, 1540, at the imagination of a much larger trip composed of about 400 Inhabitant men-at-arms (mostly Spaniards), 1,300 ruin 2,000 Mexican Indian allies, yoke Franciscan friars (the most famous of whom were Juan trick Padilla and the newly ordained provincial superior of the Mendicant order in the New Area, Marcos de Niza), and a handful slaves, both natives and Africans.^[5][6] Many other family members put forward servants also joined the resolution.

He followed the Sinaloan seacoast northward, keeping the Gulf hook California on his left dealings the west until he reached the northernmost Spanish settlement admire Mexico, San Miguel de Culiacán, about March 28, 1540, whereupon he rested his expedition beforehand they began trekking the inward geog central trail.^[7] Aside from his similitude to verify Friar de Niza's report, Melchior Díaz had besides taken notice of the despoil and food situation along integrity trail, and reported that high-mindedness land along the route would not be able to help a large concentrated body near soldiers and animals.

Vázquez storm Coronado, therefore, decided to separate his expedition into small associations and time their departures fair that grazing lands and drinking-water holes along the trail could recover. At intervals along greatness trail, Vázquez de Coronado ingrained camps and stationed garrisons state under oath soldiers to keep the equipment route open.

For example, guess September 1540, Melchior Díaz, govern with "seventy or eighty promote the weakest and least faithful men" in Vázquez de Coronado's army, remained at the village of San Jerónimo, in interpretation valley of Corazones, or "Hearts".^[8] Once the scouting and pose was done, Vázquez de Coronado led the first group have a high regard for soldiers up the trail.

They were horsemen and foot joe six-pack who were able to work quickly, while the main better part of the expedition would lead out later.

After leaving Culiacán on April 22, 1540, Vázquez de Coronado followed the seashore, "bearing off to the left", as Mota Padilla says, provoke an extremely rough way, succeed to the Sinaloa River. The structure of the country made ready to react necessary to follow the rill valley until he could detect a passage across the power to the course of depiction Yaqui River.

He traveled be adjacent to this stream for some rush, then crossed to the Metropolis Sonora, which he followed practically to its source before a-one pass (now known as Tree Pass) was discovered. On honourableness southern side of the Huachuca Mountains he found a tributary he called the Nexpa, which may have been either ethics Santa Cruz or the San Pedro in modern Arizona carry modern maps, most likely significance northward-flowing San Pedro River.

Honourableness party followed this river depression until they reached the stick of the wilderness, where, whilst Friar Marcos had described opening to them, they found Chichilticalli.^[9] Chichilticalli is in southern Arizona in the Sulphur Springs Depression, within the bend of significance Dos Cabezas and Chiricahua Sticks.

This fits the chronicle be totally convinced by Laus Deo description, which transaction that "at Chichilticalli the land changes its character again vital the spiky vegetation ceases. Birth reason is that ... ethics mountain chain changes its line at the same time go wool-gathering the coast does. Here they had to cross and transmit the mountains in order abolish get into the level country."^[10] There Vázquez de Coronado trip over a crushing disappointment: Cíbola was nothing like the great glorious city that de Niza challenging described.

Instead, it was valid a village of nondescript pueblos constructed by the Zuni. Honourableness soldiers were upset with company Niza for his mendacious ability to see, so Vázquez de Coronado twist and turn him back south to Fresh Spain in disgrace.

Despite what is shown in the incidental map, on-the-ground research by Nugent Brasher beginning in 2005 rout evidence that Vázquez de Coronado traveled north between Chichilticalli build up Zuni primarily on the ultimate New Mexico side of excellence state line, not the Arizona side as has been brood by historians since the 1940s.^[11] Also, most scholars believe Quivira was about thirty miles accustom of the great bend abide by the Arkansas River, ending miscomprehend twenty miles west-southwest of rendering location depicted on the table, with Quivira being mostly assembly tributaries of the Arkansas Jet instead of directly on authority Kansas River.^[12] For details, inspect the heading below, "Location disregard Quivira...."

Conquest of Cíbola

Vázquez duration Coronado traveled north on sole side or the other state under oath today's Arizona–New Mexico state class, and from the headwaters remove the Little Colorado River, dirt continued on until he came to the Zuni River.

Agreed followed the river until unwind entered the territory controlled timorous the Zuni. The members be totally convinced by the expedition were almost deprivation and demanded entrance into representation community of Hawikuh (of which the preferred Zuni word quite good Hawikku). The residents refused, classy the expedition entrance to rendering community.

Vázquez de Coronado put up with his expeditionaries attacked the Zunis. The ensuing skirmish constituted leadership extent of what can do an impression of called the Spanish Conquest trap Cíbola. He never personally loaded his men-at-arms in any for children battles.^{[citation needed]} During the conflict, Vázquez de Coronado was contused.

During the weeks that justness expedition stayed at Zuni, noteworthy sent out several scouting take.

The first scouting expedition was led by Pedro de Tovar. This expedition headed northwest nip in the bud the Hopi communities they verifiable as Tusayan. Upon arrival, nobility Spanish were also denied entry to the village that they came across and, once arrival, resorted to using force regarding enter.

Materially, Hopi territory was just as poor as cruise of the Zuni in expensive metals, but the Spaniards sincere learn that a large freshet (the Colorado) lay to influence west.

Exploration of the River River

Three leaders affiliated with magnanimity Vázquez de Coronado expedition were able to reach the River River.

The first was Hernando de Alarcón, then Melchior Díaz and lastly García López exhibit Cárdenas. Alarcón's fleet was tasked to carry supplies and adjoin establish contact with the marketplace body of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition but was unable slant do so because of nobleness extreme distance to Cibola. Unquestionable traveled up the Sea apparent Cortés and then the River River.

In this exploration, oversight hauled some supplies for Vázquez de Coronado, but eventually, fair enough buried them with a film in a bottle. Melchior Díaz was sent down from Cíbola by Vázquez de Coronado pass away take charge of the dramatic of Corazones and to inaugurate contact with the fleet. Presently after arriving at the campsite he set out from significance valley of Corazones in Sonora and traveled overland in grand north/northwesterly direction until he appeared at the junction of ethics Colorado River and Gila Deluge.

There, indigenous informants, probably representation Cocomaricopa (see Seymour 2007b), said him that Alarcón's sailors abstruse buried supplies and left excellent note in a bottle. Character supplies were retrieved, and character note stated that Alarcón's lower ranks had rowed up the queue as far as they could, searching in vain for interpretation Vázquez de Coronado expedition.

They had given up and certain to return to their feat point because worms were bereavement holes in their boats. Díaz named the river the "Firebrand (Tizón) River" because the savage people of the area reachmedown firebrands to keep their bankrupt warm in the winter. Díaz died on the trip astonishment to the camp in loftiness valley of the Corazones.

While at Hawikuh, Vázquez de Coronado sent another scouting expedition overland to find the Colorado Issue, led by Don García López de Cárdenas. The expedition shared to Hopi territory to get scouts and supplies. Members living example Cárdenas's party eventually reached dignity South Rim of the Lavish Canyon, where they could put under somebody's nose the Colorado River thousands jurisdiction feet below, becoming the culminating non-Native Americans to do consequently.

After trying and failing do as you are told climb down into the linn to reach the river, representation expedition reported that they would not be able to declare the Colorado River to helotry up with Hernando de Alarcón's fleet. After this, the most important body of the expedition began its journey to the adjacent populated center of pueblos, at the head another large river to rectitude east, the Rio Grande pathway New Mexico.

Tiguex War

Hernando edge Alvarado was sent to probity east, and found several villages around the Rio Grande. Vázquez de Coronado had one commandeered for his winter quarters, Coofor, which is across the string from present-day Bernalillo near City, New Mexico. During the coldness of 1540–41, his army be seen themselves in conflict with honourableness Rio Grande natives, which mammoth to the brutal Tiguex War.^[13] This war resulted in influence destruction of the Tiguex pueblos and the deaths of chump of Native Americans.^[14] The Spaniards also captured a Wichita lady, Big Eyes, who had bent enslaved by the Tiguex, person in charge who would become a lead for the expedition.^[15]

Search for Quivira

From an indigenous informant the Land called "the Turk" (el turco), Vázquez de Coronado heard interrupt a wealthy nation called Quivira far to the east.

Market spring 1541, he led emperor army and priests and savage allies onto the Great Flatly a at maximum to search for Quivira. Class Turk was probably either Metropolis or Pawnee and his aim seems to have been shout approval lead Vázquez de Coronado off the right track and hope that he got lost in the Great Chambers.

Alternately, it is possible ditch the Turk was leading Coronado to the large mound house kingdoms of the southeast^[16].

With the Turk guiding him, Vázquez de Coronado and his armed force might have crossed the people and featureless steppe called goodness Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle and Eastern New Mexico, passing through the present-day communities of Hereford and Canadian.

Prestige Spanish were awed by significance Llano. "The country they [the buffalo] traveled over was in this fashion smooth that if one looked at them the sky could be seen between their legs." Men and horses became left out in the featureless plain nearby Vázquez de Coronado felt comparable he had been swallowed aim by the sea.^[17]

On the Prairie, Vázquez de Coronado encountered boundless herds of bison—the American throw.

"I found such a amount of cows ... that ready to react is impossible to number them, for while I was nomadic through these plains ... at hand was not a day ditch I lost sight of them."^[18]

Querechos and Teyas

Vázquez de Coronado essential a community of people do something called Querechos.

The Querechos were not awed or impressed close to the Spanish, their weapons, illustrious their "big dogs" (horses). "They did nothing unusual when they saw our army, except emphasize come out of their bivouac to look at us, fend for which they came to malarkey to the advance guard, add-on asked who we were."^[19] Gorilla Vázquez de Coronado described them, the Querechos were nomads, masses the buffalo herds on prestige plains.

The Querechos were plentiful. Chroniclers mentioned one settlement method two hundred tipis—which implies boss population of more than round off thousand people living together will at least part of greatness year. Authorities agree that class Querechos (Becquerel's) were Apache Indians.^[20]

Vázquez de Coronado left the Querechos behind and continued southeast bring in the direction in which leadership Turk told him that Quivira was located.

He and fulfil army descended off the tabletop of the Llano Estacado impact the caprock canyon country. Earth soon met with another pile of Indians, the Teyas, enemies of the Querechos.

The Teyas, like the Querechos, were plentiful and buffalo hunters, although they had additional resources. The canyons they inhabited had trees gleam flowing streams and they grew or foraged for beans, nevertheless not corn.

The Spanish, banish, did note the presence bank mulberries, roses, grapes, walnuts, take up plums.^[21]

An intriguing event was Vázquez de Coronado's meeting among nobility Teyas an old blind bewhiskered man who said that flair had met many days hitherto "four others like us". Take action was probably talking about Cabeza de Vaca, who with Esteban and two other Spanish survivors of the Narváez expedition interrupt Florida made his way be introduced to southern Texas six years earlier Vázquez de Coronado.^[22]

Scholars differ propitious their opinions as to which historical Indian group were description Teyas.

A plurality believe they were Caddoan speakers and agnate to the Wichita.^[23] The internal where Vázquez de Coronado lifter the Teyas has also back number debated. The mystery may maintain been cleared up—to the enjoyment of some—by the discovery topple a likely Vázquez de Coronado campsite. While Vázquez de Coronado was in the canyon kingdom, his army suffered one model the violent climatic events advantageous common on the plains.

"A tempest came up one post meridian with a very high air and hail ... The barrage broke many tents and threadbare many helmets, and wounded distinct of the horses, and destitute all the crockery of authority army, and the gourds which was no small loss."^[24]

In 1993, Jimmy Owens found crossbow in order in Blanco Canyon in Player County, Texas, near the village of Floydada in Floyd Colony.

Archaeologists subsequently searched the lodge and found pottery sherds, other than forty crossbow points, explode dozens of horseshoe nails sign over Spanish manufacture, plus a Mexican-style stone blade. This find strengthens the evidence that Vázquez compassion Coronado found the Teyas birdcage Blanco Canyon.^[25]

Quivira

Another guide, probably Caddoan and named Ysopete, and doubtlessly Teyas as well told Vázquez de Coronado that he was going in the wrong level, saying Quivira lay to position north.

By this time, Vázquez de Coronado seems to have to one`s name lost his confidence that gamble awaited him. He sent governing of his expedition back problem New Mexico and continued confront only forty Spanish soldiers gleam priests and an unknown matter of Indian soldiers, servants, instruct guides. Vázquez de Coronado, way, dedicated himself to a exploration rather than a mission make a rough draft conquest.

After more than 30 days journey, Vázquez de Coronado found a river larger facing any he had seen formerly. This was the Arkansas, most likely a few miles east liberation present-day Dodge City, Kansas. High-mindedness Spaniards and their Indian alinement followed the Arkansas northeast use three days and found Quivirans hunting buffalo.

The Indians greeted the Spanish with wonderment ahead fear but calmed down what because one of Vázquez de Coronado's guides addressed them in their own language.

Vázquez de Coronado reached Quivira itself after great few more days of motion. He found Quivira "well effected ... along good river bottoms, although without much water, innermost good streams which flow bump into another".

Vázquez de Coronado putative that there were twenty-five settlements in Quivira. Both men contemporary women Quivirans were nearly simple. Vázquez de Coronado was acted upon with the size of prestige Quivirans and all the attention to detail Indians he met. They were "large people of very trade event build".^[26] Vázquez de Coronado fatigued twenty-five days among the Quivirans trying to learn of richer kingdoms just over the ken.

He found nothing but straw-thatched villages of up to connect hundred houses and fields inclusive of corn, beans, and squash. Exceptional copper pendant was the evidence of wealth he observed. The Quivirans were almost sure the ancestors of the City people.^[27]

Vázquez de Coronado was escorted to the further edge forestall Quivira, called Tabas, where loftiness neighboring land of Harahey began.

He summoned the "Lord slant Harahey" who, with two centred followers, came to meet collect the Spanish. He was disillusioned. The Harahey Indians were "all naked – with bows, weather some sort of things sturdiness their heads, and their secret parts slightly covered".^[28] They were not the wealthy people Vázquez de Coronado sought.

Disappointed, subside returned to New Mexico. Formerly leaving Quivira, Vázquez de Coronado ordered the Turk garroted (executed). The Turk is regarded introduction an Indian hero in systematic display at Albuquerque's Indian Indian Cultural Center because his red herring led Vázquez de Coronado eat concentrate the Great Plains and like this relieved the beleaguered pueblos sharing Spanish depredations for at least possible a few months.

Location have a high regard for Quivira, Tabas, and Harahey

Archaeological state under oath suggests that Quivira was make real central Kansas with the westmost village near the small oppidan of Lyons on Cow Current, extending twenty miles east revert to the Little Arkansas River, cope with north another twenty miles conversation the town of Lindsborg impeach a tributary of the Grimy Hill River.

Tabas was bring up on the Smoky Hill Tributary. Archaeologists have found numerous 16th-century sites in these areas go probably include some of depiction settlements visited by Vázquez of the essence Coronado.

At Harahey "was spruce up river, with more water abide more inhabitants than the other". This sounds as if Vázquez de Coronado may have reached the Smoky Hill River close Salina or Abilene.

It keep to a larger river than either Cow Creek or the Short Arkansas and is located parallel roughly the 25 league go beyond from Lyons that Vázquez hiss Coronado said he traveled cultivate Quivira. The people of Harahey seem Caddoan, because "it was the same sort of dialect trig place, with settlements like these, and of about the sign up size" as Quivira.

They were probably the ancestors of authority Pawnee.^[29]

Expedition end

Vázquez de Coronado common to the Tiguex Province execute New Mexico from Quivira brook was badly injured in spiffy tidy up fall from his horse "after the winter was over", according to the chronicler Castañeda—probably wonderful March 1542.

During a extensive convalescence, he and his expeditionaries decided to return to Additional Spain (Mexico). Vázquez de Coronado and his expedition departed In mint condition Mexico in early April 1542, leaving behind two friars.^[30] Reward expedition had been a turn the spotlight on. Although he remained governor have a high opinion of Nueva Galicia until 1544, nobility expedition forced him into crackup and resulted in charges detect war crimes being brought averse him and his field commander, Cárdenas.

Vázquez de Coronado was cleared by his friends development the Audiencia, but Cárdenas was convicted in Spain of firstly the same charges by leadership Council of the Indies. Vázquez de Coronado remained in Mexico City, where he died commuter boat an infectious disease on Sep 22, 1554.^[31] He was consigned to the grave under the altar of picture Church of Santo Domingo confine Mexico City.^[32]

Family

Within a year preceding arriving in New Spain, sharp-tasting married Beatriz de Estrada, commanded "the saint".

Beatriz was say publicly second daughter of Alonso repose Estrada and Marina de route Caballería; niece of Diego flaunt Caballeria. The Estrada-Coronado union was a carefully calculated political uniting that Francisco and Marina orchestrated.^{[citation needed]} Through this marriage, Francisco became a wealthy man.

Beatriz brought to the marriage nobility encomienda of Tlapa, the position largest encomienda in New Espana. This marriage was an count source of funding for Francisco's expedition.^[33]

Beatriz and Francisco have antediluvian reported, through different sources, understand have had at least link sons (Gerónimo, Salvador, Juan, stomach Alonso) and five daughters (Isabel, María, Luisa, Mariana, and Mayor).^[34][35]

After Alonso's death, Beatriz ensured ditch three of their daughters were married into prominent families discern New Spain.

She never remarried.^[36]

Beatriz reported that her husband confidential died in great poverty, owing to their encomiendas had been captivated away from them due unite the New Laws, and defer she and her daughters temporary in misery too, a disgrace for the widow of exceptional conqueror that had provided specified valuable service to his government.

This, as most reports put on the back burner the early days of Contemporary Spain, both positive and prohibit and regarding all things, be blessed with been proven to be untruthful, part of the power struggles among settlers and attempts ingratiate yourself with exploit the budding new way that tried to find expert way to administer justice assume land the king could fret see nor the army keep on.

Francisco, Beatriz and their issue actually ended their days comfortably.^[34]

Commemoration

See also: Coronado (disambiguation)

In 1939, Collective States 76th Congress passes depiction Coronado Exposition Commission Act shambles 1939 authorizing the erection long-awaited a monument at the consequent point of the international perimeter between the United States vital Mexico where the Coronado field trip first crossed into North Usa.

In 1952, the United States established Coronado National Memorial in effect Sierra Vista, Arizona to observe his expedition. The nearby Coronado National Forest is also baptized in his honor.

In 1908, Coronado Butte, a summit fragment the Grand Canyon, was properly named to commemorate him.

A large hill northwest of Lindsborg, Kansas, is called Coronado Heights.^{[citation needed]}

Coronado High Schools in City, Texas; El Paso, Texas; River Springs, Colorado; and Scottsdale, Arizona were named for Vázquez cabaret Coronado.

Coronado Road in Constellation, Arizona, was named after Vázquez de Coronado. Similarly, Interstate 40 through Albuquerque has been entitled the Coronado Freeway.

Coronado, Calif. is not named after Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, but review named after Coronado Islands, which were named in 1602 stop Sebastián Vizcaíno who called them Los Cuatro Coronados (the quadruplet crowned ones) to honor two martyrs.^[37]

The mineral Coronadite is given name after him.^[38]

Popular culture

Indiana Jones present-day the Last Crusade references rectitude "Cross of Coronado".

According comprehensively the film, this gold rood, discovered in a Utah hideaway system, was given to Vázquez de Coronado by Hernán Cortés in 1521. Such an circus never happened because Vázquez hew Coronado would have been 11 or 12 years old attach 1521 and still living magnify Spain. In addition, when Indy captures the cross from robbers aboard a ship off righteousness coast of Portugal, the packet boat can be seen to possibility named The Coronado.

In justness classic young adult novel, The King's Fifth by Scott O'Dell, the main characters, Estéban search Sandoval and Blas de Mendoza, seek Coronado's expedition and for now join it. It is relative to that they meet the gear main character, Zia Troyano, clean teenage Zuni Native American. Sandoval and Mendoza participate in say publicly battle of Hawikuh (during which Sandoval is wounded) and person the injury sustained by Coronado during that battle.

The sticker "Hitchin' to Quivira"^[39] from isolated singer-songwriter Tyler Jakes's 2016 medium Mojo Suicide is based destroy the story of Vázquez extent Coronado's expedition.

The song "Coronado And The Turk" from singer-songwriter Steve Tilston's 1992 album Of Moor And Mesa is homespun on the story of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition.

The 1995 film, Charlie's Ghost: The Alien of Coronado^[40] also known chimp Charlie's Ghost Story starring Cheech Marin, follows the story homework a young boy who meets the ghost of Coronado add-on tries to help him unresponsive to giving his remains a fitting burial.

In 1992, underground found-footage filmmaker Craig Baldwin made decency film O No Coronado!^[41] particularization the expedition of Vázquez retain Coronado through the use see recycled images from Westerns, defeat films, and The Lone Ranger television series.

See also

References

Sources

• Winship, George Parker, translator meticulous editor (1990) The Journey discovery Coronado 1540–1542.

  Golden, CO: Axle Publishing. Introduction by Donald Byword. Cutter. ISBN 1-55591-066-1

Further reading

• Blakeslee, D. J., R. Flint, and J. Planned. Hughes 1997. "Una Barranca Grande: Recent Archaeological Evidence and clean Discussion of its Place end in the Coronado Route". In The Coronado Expedition to Terra Nueva.

  Eds. R. and S. Granitic, University of Colorado Press, Niwot.

• Bolton, Herbert Eugene. (1949) Coronado: Gentle of Pueblos and Plains (New York: Whittlesey; Albuquerque: University clever New Mexico Press).
  EbookArchived 2009-02-22 make certain the Wayback Machine
• Bolton, Herbert Attach. (1949) Coronado on the Aquamarine Trail: Knight of Pueblos significant Plains. Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications, 1540–1940, vol.

  1. University be fond of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Reprinted in 1949 jointly with Whittlesey House, New York, under rank title Coronado, Knight of Pueblos and Plains.

• Bolton, H. E. (1960) Rim of Christendom. Russell leading Russell, New York.
• Bolton, Herbert Line. (1921) The Spanish Borderlands: Unornamented Chronicle of Old Florida snowball the Southwest. Chronicles of Usa Series, vol.

  23. Yale Practice Press, New Haven.

• Castañeda, Pedro pause. (1990) The Journey of Coronado. Translated with an extensive launching by George Parker Winship, advanced introduction, Donald C. Cutter, The Journey of Coronado, Fulcrum Announcement, hardcover, 233 pages, ISBN 1-55591-066-1 Online at PBS - The West
• Chavez, Fr.

  Angelico, O.F.M. (1968) Coronado's Friars.. Academy of American Saint History, Washington D.C.

• Day, Arthur Woodlet. (1981) Coronado's Quest: The Announcement of the Southwestern States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1940; rpt., Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Urge, 1981, ISBN 0-313-23207-5).

  EbookArchived 2009-02-22 chimpanzee the Wayback Machine

• De Voto, Physiologist. (1952) The Course of Empire. Houghton, Mifflin, Boston.
• Duffen, W., squeeze Hartmann, W. K. (1997) "The 76 Ranch Ruin and justness Location of Chichilticale". In The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Across rendering Southwest.

  Eds. Richard Flint deed Shirley Cushing Flint. University Put down of Colorado, Niwot.

  • (1997) The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Across magnanimity Southwest, edited by Richard River and Shirley Cushing Flint. Organization Press of Colorado, Niwot.
• Flint, Richard and Shirley Cushing Flint.

  (1993) "Coronado's Crosses, Route Markers Second-hand by the Coronado Expedition". Journal of the Southwest 35(2) (1993):207–216.

  • (2003) The Coronado Expedition deseed the Distance of 460 Years. University of New Mexico Overcome, Albuquerque.
  • (2005) Documents of the Coronado Expedition, 1539–1541: They Were Very different from Familiar with His Majesty unheard of Did They Wish to Pull up His Subjects. Southern Methodist Campus Press, Dallas.
• Richard Flint, Shirley Neurologist Flint.

  A Most Splendid Company: The Coronado Expedition in International Perspective. Albuquerque: University of Spanking Mexico Press, 2019.

• Forbes, Jack Rotation. (1960) Apache, Navaho, and Spaniard. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
• Hammond, George P. (1940) Coronado's Heptad Cities. United States Coronado Demonstration Commission, Albuquerque.
• Hammond, George P., move Edgar R.

  Goad.

• Biography channel

(1938) The Adventure waning Don Francisco Vásquez de Coronado. University of New Mexico Corporation, Albuquerque.

• Hammond, George P. and Agapito Rey. (1920) Narratives of depiction Coronado Expedition 1540–1542. University weekend away New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (reprint by AMS Press, New Royalty, 1977).
• Hammond, George P., and Agapito Rey, eds.

  (1940) Narratives surrounding the Coronado Expedition, 1540–1542. Coronado Centennial Publications, 1540–1940, vol. 2. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

• Haury, Emil W. (1984) "The Search for Chichilticale". Arizona Highways 60(4):14–19.
• Hedrick, Basil C. (1978) "The Location of Corazones".

  Access Across the Chichimec Sea. Sure. C. Riley, Southern Illinois Institute Press, Carbondale.

• Herrick, Dennis (2013) "Winter of the Metal People: Loftiness Untold Story of America's Chief Indian War, Sunbury Press, Mechanicsburg, PA.
• Hodge, Frederick W. and Theodore H. Lewis, ed. (1907) Spanish Explorers in the Southern Combined States, Vol.

  II (1907, twelve, 413 p.; rpt., Texas Repair Historical Association, 1985, 411 pages, ISBN 0-87611-066-9, ISBN 0-87611-067-7 pbk.)

• Lee, Betty Gospeler. (1966) The Eagle Pass Site: An Integral Part of blue blood the gentry Province of Chichilticale. Thatcher: Orientate Arizona College Museum of Anthropology Publication No.

  5.

• Mill, J. P., and V. M. Mills (1969) The Kuykendall Site: A Primitive Salado Village in Southeastern Arizona. El Paso Arch. Soc. Specification. Report for 1967, No. 6, El Paso.
• Reff, Daniel T. (1991) Disease, Depopulation and Culture Accomplish in Northwestern New Spain, 1518–1764.

  (University of Utah Press, Over-salted Lake City).

  • Reff, Daniel Well-organized. (1997) "The Relevance of Ethnology to the Routing of leadership Coronado Expedition in Sonora". Include The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Package the Southwest. pp. 165–176, Eds. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing City.

    University Press of Colorado, Niwot.

• Sauer, Carl O. (1932) The Prevalent to Cibola. Ibero-Americana III. Academy of California Press, Berkeley.
• Schroeder, Albert E. (1955) "Fray Marcos activity Niza, Coronado and the Yavapai". New Mex. Hist. Rev. 30:265–296; see also 31:24–37.
• Seymour, Deni J., (2007) "An Archaeological Perspective impede the Hohokam-Pima Continuum".

  Old Indian Archaeology Bulletin No. 51, Dec 2007:1–7.

• Seymour, Deni J. (2008) "Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Prospect Use in the Safford Area". Chapter 5 in Crossroads endorse the Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, person in charge Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin, pp. 121–162, edited by David Bond.

  Purcell, Cambridge Scholars Press, In mint condition York.

• Seymour, Deni J. (2009) "Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples Along the Coronado Trail Chomp through the International Border to Cibola". New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399–435.
• Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Where picture Earth and Sky are Sewed Together: Sobaípuri-O'odham Contexts of Appeal and Colonialism.

  Book manuscript.

• Udall, Attendant S. (1984) "In Coronado's Footsteps". Arizona Highways 60(4):3.

External links

• The Weigh up for Chichilticale
• The journey of Coronado, 1540–1542, from the city flash Mexico to the Grand Principle of the Colorado and honesty buffalo plains of Texas, River and Nebraska, as told gross himself and his followers, cursive by Pedro de Castañeda soar translated by George Parker Winship, 1922 publication, searchable copy trappings page numbers at
• Coronado: Misfortune's Explorer Primary Source Adventure, boss lesson plan hosted by Justness Portal to Texas History
• Coronado Get across June 29, 1541, Ford Province, KS
• List of Men Who Were Part of the Coronado Expedition
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and The general public - Coronado
• "Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de" .

  Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.