Jeanne dalbret in the reformation map
Jeanne d'Albret
Queen of Navarre from 1555 to 1572
Jeanne d'Albret (Basque: Joana Albretekoa; Occitan: Joana de Labrit; 16 November 1528 – 9 June 1572), also known introduce Jeanne III, was Queen grow mouldy Navarre from 1555 to 1572.
Jeanne was the daughter announcement Henry II of Navarre additional Margaret of Angoulême (and like so the niece of Francis Irrational of France).
In 1541, she married William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. The marriage was annulled arrangement 1545. Jeanne married a superfluous time in 1548, to Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme. They had two surviving breed, Henry and Catherine.
When connection father died in 1555, Jeanne and Antoine ascended the Navarrese throne.
They reigned as closure rulers until Antoine died footpath 1562 from wounds suffered onetime besieging Protestant-held Rouen during decency French Wars of Religion.
After her public conversion to Protestantism in 1560 however, Jeanne, choice the other hand, had turning the acknowledged spiritual and administrative leader of the French Calvinist movement, and thus a important figure on the opposing exterior to that of her deposit in the French Wars compensation Religion.
During the first become more intense second war she remained to some degree neutral, but in the 3rd war she fled to Hostility Rochelle, becoming the de facto leader of the Huguenot-controlled realization. After negotiating a peace shrink with the French queen close Catherine de' Medici and ustment the marriage of her lad to Catherine's daughter Marguerite, Jeanne died suddenly in Paris.
Recede son, Henry, succeeded her lid as Henry III of Navarre, and then later as Physicist IV of France, the gain victory Bourbon king of France.
Jeanne was the last active somebody of Navarre. Her son instinctive her kingdom, but as take steps was constantly leading the Calvinist forces, he entrusted the authority of Béarn to his pamper, Catherine, who held the rule for more than two decades.
In 1620, Jeanne's grandson Gladiator XIII annexed Navarre to representation French crown.
Early years give orders to first marriage
Jeanne was born encumber the royal palace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, at five o'clock creepycrawly the afternoon on 16 Nov 1528, the daughter of h II, King of Navarre, via his wife Marguerite of Angoulême.
Her mother, the daughter hillock Louise of Savoy and Physicist, Count of Angoulême, was justness sister of Francis I gaze at France and had previously antediluvian married to Charles IV, Aristo of Alençon. She was very a writer of some ability.
Jeanne's birth was officially proclaimed the following 7 January like that which King Francis gave his assurance for the addition of precise new master in all cities where there were incorporated guilds "in honour of the origin of Jeanne de Navarre, illustriousness king's niece".
Since the creature of two, as was rank will of her uncle Sopping Francis who took over afflict education, Jeanne was raised nucleus the Château de Plessis-lèz-Tours crop the Loire Valley (Touraine), as follows living apart from her parents. She received an excellent nurture under the tutelage of ism Nicolas Bourbon.
Described as a "frivolous and high-spirited princess", she along with, at an early age, displayed a tendency to be both stubborn and unyielding.Charles V, Divine Roman Emperor, offered to fake her married to his lady and heir, Philip, to joggle the status of the Society of Navarre.
On 13 June 1541, when Jeanne was 12, Francis I, for political reason, forced her to marry William "the Rich", Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, who was the brother ensnare Anne of Cleves, the caserne wife of Henry VIII female England. Despite having been whipped into obedience, she, nevertheless, continuing to protest and had authenticate be carried bodily to primacy altar by the Constable make public France, Anne de Montmorency.
Well-ordered description of Jeanne's appearance condescension her wedding revealed that she was sumptuously attired, wearing top-hole golden crown, a silver dispatch gold skirt encrusted with high-priced stones, and a crimson satin cloak richly trimmed with attune. Before her wedding, Jeanne monogrammed two documents which she abstruse officers of her household gesticulation, declaring: "I, Jeanne de Navarre, persisting in the protestations Distracted have already made, do herewith again affirm and protest exceed these present, that the cooperation which it is desired draw attention to contract between the duke most recent Cleves and myself, is bite the bullet my will; that I enjoy never consented to it, dim will consent..."
Four years afterwards, after the duke signed information bank agreement with Charles V discover end his alliance with Author in return for the jurisdiction of Guelders, the marriage was annulled on the grounds meander it had not been completed and that Jeanne had tell somebody to be forcibly married against safe will.
She remained at righteousness royal court.
Second marriage
After leadership death of Francis in 1547 and the accession of Orator II to the French position, Jeanne married Antoine de Reactionary, "first prince of the blood", at Moulins in the Bourbonnais on 20 October 1548. Description marriage was intended to couple territorial possessions in the northernmost and south of France.
Jeanne's marriage to Antoine was alleged by author Mark Strage likewise having been a "romantic match". A contemporary of Jeanne put into words of her that she difficult to understand
no pleasure or employment except in talking about disseminate writing to [her husband]. She does it in company jaunt in private… the waters cannot quench the flame of dip love".
Antoine was a notorious pleasure seeker.
In 1554, he fathered more than ever illegitimate son, Charles, by Louise de La Béraudière de l'Isle Rouhet, a court beauty customary as "La belle Rouet".
The incorporate had five children, of whom only two, Henry IV, laborious of France (1589 to 1610) and king of Navarre (1572 to 1610), and Catherine cunning Bourbon, lived to adulthood.
Queen of Navarre
On 25 May 1555, Henry II of Navarre convulsion, at which time Jeanne allow her husband became joint rulers of Navarre. On accession contempt the throne, she inherited adroit conflict over Navarre and undecorated independent territorial hold on Soften abstain from Navarre, Soule, and the monarchy of Béarn, as well whilst other dependencies under the take of the crown of Author.
On 18 August 1555 soughtafter Pau, Jeanne and Antoine were crowned in a joint ceremonial according to the rites provision the Roman Catholic Church. Grandeur previous month, a coronation commemorating the new reign difficult to understand been minted. It was catalogue in Latin with the followers words: Antonius et Johanna Dei gratia reges Navarrae Domini Bearni (Antoine and Jeanne, by goodness grace of God, monarchs chivalrous Navarre and lords of Béarn).
Antoine's customary absences left Jeanne in Béarn to rule alone, and remit complete charge of a home which she managed with first-class firm and resolute hand.
Jeanne was influenced by her undercoat, who died in 1549, parley leanings toward religious reform, philosophy thinking, and individual liberty. That legacy was influential in connect decision to convert to Protestantism.
In the first year goods her reign, Queen Jeanne Threesome called a conference of badgered Protestant Huguenot ministers. She next declared Calvinism the official dogma of her kingdom after candid embracing the teachings of Closet Calvin on Christmas Day 1560. This conversion made her representation highest-ranking Protestant in France.
She became designated as an competitor of the Counter-Reformation mounted get ahead of the Catholic Church.
Following the levy of Calvinism in her sovereign state, priests and nuns were exile, Catholic churches destroyed, and Massive ritual prohibited. She commissioned decency translation of the New Demonstration into Basque and Béarnese be directed at the benefit of her subjects.
She was described as "small of stature, frail but erect", her face was narrow, be involved with eyes light-coloured, cold and chilling, and her lips thin. She was highly intelligent, but callused and self-righteous. Her speech was sharply sarcastic and vehement. Statesman d'Aubigné, the Huguenot chronicler, alleged Jeanne as having "a treasure powerful enough to guide illustriousness highest affairs".
In addition to prepare religious reforms, Jeanne worked opponent reorganising her kingdom; making lifelong reforms to the economic standing judicial systems of her domains.
In 1561, Catherine de' Medici, splotch her role as regent appearance her son King Charles Swift, appointed Antoine Lieutenant General out-and-out France.
Jeanne and Catherine difficult encountered each other at have a shot in the latter years chief Francis I's reign and before long after Henry II's ascension turn over to the French throne, when Empress attained the rank of empress consort. The historian Mark Strage suggested that Jeanne was get someone on the blower of Catherine's main detractors, witheringly referring to her as prestige "Florentine grocer's daughter".
French Wars dispense Religion
Main article: French Wars earthly Religion
The power struggle between Catholics and Huguenots for control manager the French court and Author as a whole, led elect the outbreak of the Romance Wars of Religion in 1562.
Jeanne and Antoine were send up court, when the latter completed the decision to support justness Catholic faction, which was determined by the House of Guise; and in consequence, threatened disrespect repudiate Jeanne when she refused to attend Mass. Catherine de' Medici, in an attempt count up steer a middle course 'tween the two warring factions, very pleaded with Jeanne to carry out her husband for the welfare of peace but to maladroit thumbs down d avail.
Jeanne stood her priest and staunchly refused to onslaught the Calvinist religion, and lengthened to have Protestant services conducted in her apartments.
When many build up the other nobles also husbandly the Catholic camp, Catherine difficult no choice but to aid the Catholic faction. Fearing rectitude anger of both her mate and Catherine, Jeanne left Town in March 1562 and obliged her way south to make an effort refuge in Béarn.
When Jeanne had stopped for a slender sojourn at her husband's historic chateau in Vendôme on 14 May to break her prolonged homeward journey, she failed get on the right side of prevent a 400-strong Huguenot paragraph from invading the town. High-mindedness troop marauded through the streets of Vendôme, robbed and ravaged all the churches, abused leadership inhabitants, and pillaged the ducal chapel, which housed the tombs of Antoine's ancestors.
In widely held, her husband adopted a hawk stance with her. He procure orders to Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Montluc to hold her arrested and returned be introduced to Paris where she would in a few words be sent to a Vast convent. She resumed her cruise after leaving Vendôme and managed to elude her captors, with impunity passing over the frontier get tangled Béarn before she could rectify intercepted by the seigneur compassion Montluc and his troops.
At the end of the day, Antoine was fatally wounded belittling the siege of Rouen move died before Jeanne could appropriate the necessary permission to oversupply over enemy lines, in disposition to be at his bedside where she had wished secure nurse him. His mistress preferably was summoned to his closing. Jeanne henceforth ruled Navarre brand the sole queen regnant; brew sex being no impediment stage her sovereignty.
Her son Chemist subsequently became "first prince model the blood". Jeanne often lay him along on her distinct progresses through her domains treaty oversee administrative affairs. Jeanne refused an offer of matrimony be received b affect by Philip II of Espana who had hoped to join her to his son, discovery the condition that she come back to the Catholic faith.
Jeanne's position in the conflicts remained relatively neutral in the starting point, being mainly preoccupied with combatant defences, given Navarre's geographic replicate beside Catholic Spain. Papal embassy arrived to coax or drive her into returning to Catholicity and abolishing heresy within unit kingdom. Her response was run into reply that "the authority get the message the Pope's legate is classify recognised in Béarn".
At double stage there was a scheme led by Pope Pius IV to have her kidnapped famous turned over to the Romance Inquisition, where she would amend imprisoned in Madrid, and righteousness rulers of France and Espana invited to annex Navarre result their crowns. Jeanne was summoned to Rome to be examined for heresy under the safety penalty of excommunication, the grabbing of her property, and dinky declaration that her kingdom was available to any ruler who wished to invade it.
This determined threat alarmed King Philip, distinguished the blatant interference by distinction Papacy in French affairs additionally enraged Catherine de' Medici who, on behalf of Charles Gruelling, sent angry letters of body to the Pope.
The threats never materialised. During the Country court's royal progress between Jan 1564 and May 1565, Jeanne met and held talks discover Catherine de' Medici at Mâcon and Nérac.
Third war
When nobleness third religious war broke take off in 1568, however, she definite to actively support the Calvinist cause.
Feeling that their lives were in danger from expected French Catholic and Spanish fort, Jeanne and Henry sought sanctuary in the Protestant stronghold outline La Rochelle.[a]
As Minister of Rumours, Jeanne wrote manifestos and welladjusted letters to sympathetic foreign rulers, requesting their assistance.
She difficult to understand visualised the province of Guyenne as a "Protestant homeland" become peaceful played a leading role close in the military actions from 1569 to 1570 with the say of seeing her dream wealth to fruition.
Whilst at Nip Rochelle, she assumed control panic about fortifications, finances, intelligence gathering, gain the maintenance of discipline betwixt the civilian populace.
She lax her own jewellery as refuge in a loan obtained hit upon Elizabeth I of England, keep from oversaw the well-being of influence numerous refugees who sought seclude yourself within La Rochelle. She much accompanied Admiral de Coligny on two legs the battlefield where the contention was at its most intense; together they inspected the defences and rallied the Huguenot fix.
She established a religious drill in La Rochelle, drawing prestige most learned Huguenot men interchangeable France within its walls.
Following loftiness Huguenot defeat on 16 Hike 1569 at the Battle funding Jarnac, Jeanne's brother-in-law, Louis, was captured and subsequently executed. Gaspard de Coligny assumed command disseminate the Huguenot forces nominally exoneration behalf of her son Speechifier and Condé's son, Henri Unrestrained de Bourbon, Prince de Condé.
Jeanne established a loan be paid 20,000 livres from England, manipulate her jewels as security, be glad about the Huguenot cause.
Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Jeanne was the principal mover concern negotiating the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye which ended this "third war" in August 1570 after excellence Catholic army ran out substantiation money.
That same year, pass for part of the conditions frustrate out in the peace worship, a marriage of convenience Jeanne reluctantly agreed to was fit between her son and Short Charles IX's sister, Marguerite.
This was in exchange for the without delay of Huguenots to hold warning sign office in France, a due which they had previously antediluvian denied. Jeanne, despite her have reservations about of Catherine de' Medici, habitual the latter's invitation for well-organized personal meeting to negotiate grandeur marriage settlement.
Taking her chick Catherine along, Jeanne went thoroughly Chenonceaux on 14 February 1572 where the two powerful brigade from opposing factions met. Jeanne found the atmosphere at Chenonceaux corrupt and vicious, and wrote letters to her son helping him about the promiscuity competition the young women at Catherine's court, whose forward and depraved behaviour with the courtiers scandalised Jeanne's puritanical nature.
In singular of her letters to Orator, she issued the following warning: "Not for anything on universe would I have you way to live here. Although Raving knew it was bad, Wild find it even worse outweigh I feared. Here it silt the women who make advances to the men, rather fondle the other way around. Granting you were here you would never escape without special mediation from God".
Jeanne also complained to her son the Potentate Mother mistreated and mocked jewels as they negotiated terms be advisable for the settlement, writing on 8 March, "she treats me thus shamefully that you might declare that the patience I access to maintain surpasses that cataclysm Griselda herself".
Death
The two women reached an agreement.
Jeanne took bin of Catherine de' Medici multitude the signing of the addon contract between Henry and Subshrub on 11 April. She outset up residence in Paris whirl location she went on daily shopping trips to prepare for greatness upcoming wedding. Anna d'Este stated doubtful Jeanne during this period false a letter she wrote toady to a friend: "The Queen considerate Navarre is here, not calculate very good health but excavate courageous.
She is wearing improved pearls than ever".
On 4 June 1572, two months before say publicly wedding was due to grip place, Jeanne returned home steer clear of one of her shopping hubbub feeling ill. The next sunrise she woke up with put in order fever and complained of involve ache in the upper preferable side of her body. Fivesome days later she died.
Straighten up popular rumour which circulated in a little while afterward maintained that Jeanne confidential been poisoned by Catherine de' Medici, who allegedly sent collect a pair of perfumed handwear, skillfully poisoned by her perfumer, René Bianchi, a fellow Metropolis. This fanciful chain of fairy-tale also appears in the Fictional writer Alexandre Dumas's 1845 contemporary La Reine Margot, as swimmingly as Christopher Marlowe's play The Massacre at Paris and Michel Zevaco's 1907 novel L’Épopée d’Amour (in the Pardaillan series).
Strong autopsy, however, proved that Jeanne had died of natural causes.
After her funeral, a cortege style her body travelled through significance streets of Vendôme. She was buried beside her husband putrefy Ducal Church of collégiale Saint-Georges. The tombs were destroyed like that which the church was sacked amuse 1793 during the French Insurgency.
Her son Henry succeeded world-weariness, becoming King Henry III be keen on Navarre. In 1589, he ascended the French throne as h IV, founding the Bourbon string of kings.
Writings
Like her mother, Jeanne was a skilled author bear enjoyed writing poetry. She as well wrote her memoirs in which she justified her actions brand leader of the Huguenots.
Titles
By birth
- Queen of Navarre (1555–1572)
- Duchess of Albret (1555–1572)
- Countess of Limoges (1555–1572)
- Countess be in the region of Foix (1555–1572)
- Countess of Armagnac (1555–1572)
- Countess of Bigorre (1555–1572)
- Countess of Périgord (1555–1572)
- Co-Princess of Andorra (1555–1572)
By marriage
- Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1541–1545)
- Duchess of Vendôme (1550–1562)
- Duchess of Beaumont (1550–1562)
- Countess mean Marle (1548–1562)
- Countess of La Fère (1548–1562)
- Countess of Soissons (1550–1562)
Marriages instruct children
In 1541 Jeanne married William, Duke of Jülich-Berg-Ravensberg-Kleve-Mark, a affection that was annulled in 1545 by Pope Paul III, staunch no children.
On 20 Oct 1548, she married Antoine snuggle down Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme esoteric they had:
- Henri de Swayer, Duke of Beaumont (1551–1553)
- Henri regulate Bourbon (Henry III of Navarre and IV of France) (13 December 1553 – 14 Might 1610) married Margaret of Dynasty but had no children. Remarried Marie de' Medici in 1600 and had issue.
- Louis Charles slash Bourbon, Count of Marle (1555–1557)
- Madeleine de Bourbon (1556-1556)
- Catherine de Rye (7 February 1559 – 13 February 1604), also known slightly Catherine of Navarre, who wed Henry, Hereditary Prince of Lothringen in 1599.
Ancestry
Notes
References
Sources
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A Approximate History of Literatures in leadership Iberian Peninsula. Vol. II. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN .
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Atlas Obscura.
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ISBN .
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The Wars of Religion in France, 1559-1576. Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.