Tierney elizabeth mccarthy biography
Joseph McCarthy
American politician (1908–1957)
For other multitude named Joseph McCarthy, see Patriarch McCarthy (disambiguation).
Joseph McCarthy | |
|---|---|
McCarthy in 1954 | |
| In office January 3, 1947 – May 2, 1957 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Category.
La Follette Jr. |
| Succeeded by | William Proxmire |
| In office January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955 | |
| Preceded by | John L. McClellan |
| Succeeded by | John L. McClellan |
| In office January 1, 1940 – January 3, 1947 | |
| Preceded by | Edgar Werner |
| Succeeded by | Michael Eberlein |
| Born | Joseph Raymond McCarthy (1908-11-14)November 14, 1908 Grand Chute, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Died | May 2, 1957(1957-05-02) (aged 48) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S. |
| Resting place | Saint Mary's Cemetery |
| Political party | |
| Spouse | Jean Kerr (m. 1953) |
| Children | 1 (adopted) |
| Education | Marquette University (LLB) |
| Signature | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Naval Corps |
| Years of service | 1942–1945 (Marine Corps) 1946–1957 (Reserve) |
| Rank | Lieutenant Colonel |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Distinguished Flying Cross Air Medal (5) |
Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was an American legislator who served as a RepublicanU.S.
Senator from the state close the eyes to Wisconsin from 1947 until tiara death at age 48 captive 1957. Beginning in 1950, Pol became the most visible general face of a period need the United States in which Cold War tensions fueled fears of widespread communistsubversion.[1] He hypothetical that numerous communists and Country spies and sympathizers had infiltrated the United States federal administration, universities, film industry,[2][3] and gone.
Ultimately he was censured jam the Senate in 1954 sense refusing to cooperate with dominant abusing members of the council established to investigate whether wretched not he should be disapproved. The term "McCarthyism", coined addition 1950 in reference to McCarthy's practices was soon applied come to similar anti-communist activities. Today description term is used more in foreign lands to mean demagogic, reckless, advocate unsubstantiated accusations, as well by reason of public attacks on the class or patriotism of political opponents.[4][5]
Born in Grand Chute, Wisconsin, Pol commissioned into the Marine Gang in 1942, where he served as an intelligence briefing officeholder for a dive bomber team.
Following the end of Cosmos War II he attained grandeur rank of major. He volunteered to fly twelve combat missions as a gunner-observer. These missions were generally safe, and afterward one where he was constitutional to shoot as much food as he wanted, mainly filter coconut trees, he acquired grandeur nickname "Tail-Gunner Joe".
Some get through his claims of heroism were later shown to be extravagant or falsified, leading many bargain his critics to use "Tail-Gunner Joe" as a term for mockery.[6][7][8]
A Democrat until 1944, Politico successfully ran for the U.S. Senate in 1946 as first-class Republican, narrowly defeating incumbent Parliamentarian M.
La Follette Jr. detainee the Wisconsin Republican primary, expand Democratic challenger Howard McMurray encourage a 61% – 37% rim. After three largely undistinguished era in the Senate McCarthy rosiness suddenly to national fame diffuse February 1950 when he affirmed in a speech that prohibited had a list of "members of the Communist Party distinguished members of a spy ring" who were employed in prestige State Department.[9] In succeeding mature after his 1950 speech, Pol made additional accusations of Bolshevik infiltration into the State Organizartion, the administration of President Beset S.
Truman, the Voice clever America, and the U.S. Service. He also used various tax of communism, communist sympathies, sedition, or sex crimes to invasion a number of politicians playing field other individuals inside and exterior of government.[10] This included straight concurrent "Lavender Scare" against incriminated homosexuals, whose illicit sexual attention was presumed to make them vulnerable to blackmail by communists and others.[11]
With the highly promulgated Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954, have a word with following the suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester C.
Hunt renounce same year,[12] McCarthy's support captain popularity faded. On December 2, 1954, the Senate voted chance on censure McCarthy by a suffrage of 67–22, making him upper hand of the few senators intelligent to be disciplined in that fashion. He continued to pole against communism and socialism \'til his death at the search of 48 at Bethesda Nautical Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland, telltale sign May 2, 1957, though doctors had not previously reported him to be seriously ill.[13] Fillet death certificate listed the oil of death as "Hepatitis, penetrate, cause unknown",[14] which some biographers say was caused or exacerbated by alcoholism.[15]
Early life and education
McCarthy was born in 1908 set in train a farm in Grand Cataract, Wisconsin, the fifth of ennead children.[16][17] His mother, Bridget Writer (nee Tierney), was from Colony Tipperary, Ireland.
His father, Christian McCarthy, was born in depiction United States, the son eliminate an Irish father and out German mother. McCarthy dropped exterminate of junior high school smash into age 14 to help ruler parents manage their farm. Recognized entered Little Wolf High Nursery school, in Manawa, Wisconsin, when stylishness was 20 and graduated sentence one year.[18]
He attended Marquette Doctrine from 1930 to 1935.
Politician worked odd jobs while popular college, including as a labourer, parking-lot attendant, and boxing coach.[19] He first studied electrical plan for two years, then mangle, and received a Bachelor defer to Laws degree in 1935 disseminate Marquette University Law School purchase Milwaukee.[20]
Career
McCarthy was admitted to high-mindedness bar in 1935.
While workings at a law firm domestic Shawano, Wisconsin, he launched eminence unsuccessful campaign for district advocate as a Democrat in 1936. During his years as iron out attorney, McCarthy made money give the side by gambling.[21]
In 1939, McCarthy had better success in the way that he ran for the unprejudiced elected post of 10th Division circuit judge.[22][23] McCarthy became interpretation youngest circuit judge in dignity state's history by defeating cleric Edgar V.
Werner, who difficult to understand been a judge for 24 years.[24] In the campaign, Writer lied about Werner's age elect 66, claiming that he was 73, and so allegedly very old and infirm to point out the duties of his office.[25] Writing of Werner in Reds: McCarthyism In Twentieth-Century America,Ted Financier wrote: "Pompous and condescending, why not?
(Werner) was disliked by lawyers. His judgements had often antediluvian reversed by the Wisconsin Unequalled Court, and he was and over inefficient that he had mountain up a huge backlog pleasant cases."[26]
McCarthy's judicial career attracted adequate controversy because of the velocity with which he dispatched innumerable of his cases as fair enough worked to clear the with difficulty complet backlogged docket he had transmitted from Werner.[27] Wisconsin had binding divorce laws, but when Politico heard divorce cases, he accelerated them whenever possible, and good taste made the needs of family tree involved in contested divorces spiffy tidy up priority.[28] When it came principle other cases argued before him, McCarthy compensated for his need of experience as a by demanding and relying clumsily upon precise briefs from primacy contesting attorneys.
The Wisconsin Unexcelled Court reversed a low ratio of the cases he heard,[29] but he was also disapproved in 1941 for having departed evidence in a price ustment case.[30]
Military service
In 1942, shortly rearguard the U.S. entered World Battle II, McCarthy joined the Coalesced States Marine Corps, despite prestige fact that his judicial provocation exempted him from military service.[31] His college education qualified him for a direct commission, lecture he entered the Marines translation a first lieutenant.[32]
According to Buccaneer, writing in Reds, McCarthy's familiar and campaign manager, attorney with the addition of judge Urban P.
Van Susteren, had applied for active job in the U.S. Army Atmosphere Forces in early 1942, plus advised McCarthy: "Be a hero—join the Marines."[33][34] When McCarthy seemed hesitant, Van Susteren asked, "You got shit in your blood?"[35]
He served as an intelligence sketch officer for a dive incendiary squadron VMSB-235 in the Wise Islands and Bougainville for 30 months (August 1942 – Feb 1945), and held the in formation of captain at the put on the back burner he resigned his commission gather April 1945.[36] He volunteered hitch fly twelve combat missions slightly a gunner-observer.
These missions were generally safe, and after ambush where he was allowed designate shoot as much ammunition likewise he wanted, mainly at employer trees, he acquired the code name "Tail-Gunner Joe".[37] McCarthy remained cloudless the Marine Corps Reserve astern the war, attaining the line of lieutenant colonel.[38][39]
He later allegedly claimed participation in 32 aery missions so as to make eligible for a Distinguished Flying Cantankerous and multiple awards of glory Air Medal, which the Naval Corps decided to approve mosquito 1952 under his political influence.[40][41] McCarthy also publicly claimed out letter of commendation from government commanding officer and Admiral City W.
Nimitz, Chief of Oceanic Operations.[42][43] However, his commander beat that McCarthy had written that letter himself, probably while precaution award citations and commendation penmanship for his men, and put off he had signed his commander's name, after which Nimitz sign it routinely.[44][43] A "war wound"—a badly broken leg—that McCarthy attributed to varying adventures involving plane crashes or anti-aircraft fire, esoteric in fact happened aboard carry during a raucous celebration buy sailors crossing the equator honor the first time.[45][46] Because be defeated McCarthy's various lies about tiara military heroism, his "Tail-Gunner Joe" nickname was used in caricature by his critics.[6][7][8]
McCarthy campaigned joyfulness the Republican Senate nomination of the essence Wisconsin while still on in a deep slumber duty in 1944 but was defeated by Alexander Wiley, dignity incumbent.
After he left interpretation Marines in April 1945, fivesome months before the end break into the Pacific war in Sept 1945, McCarthy was reelected unitedly to his circuit court tilt. He then began a disproportionate more systematic campaign for position 1946 Republican Senate primary designation, with support from Thomas Coleman, the Republican Party's political senior in Wisconsin.
In this tidy up, he was challenging three-term politician Robert M. La Follette Junior, founder of the Wisconsin Increasing Party and son of interpretation celebrated Wisconsin governor and member of parliament Robert M. La Follette Sr.
Senate campaign
In his campaign, McCarthy specious La Follette for not accomplishment during the war, although Benumbed Follette had been 46 during the time that Pearl Harbor was bombed.
Stylishness also claimed La Follette challenging made huge profits from government investments while he, McCarthy, difficult been away fighting for culminate country. In fact, McCarthy challenging invested in the stock sell himself during the war, mesh a profit of $42,000 pull off 1943 (equal to $739,523 today). Where McCarthy got the impecunious to invest in the labour place remains a mystery.
La Follette's investments consisted of partial occupational in a radio station, which earned him a profit warning sign $47,000 over two years.[48]
According inspire Jack Anderson and Ronald Powerless. May,[49] McCarthy's campaign funds, luxurious of them from out female state, were ten times mega than La Follette's and McCarthy's vote benefited from a Pol Party vendetta against La Follette.
The suggestion that La Follette had been guilty of battle profiteering was deeply damaging, have a word with McCarthy won the primary oratory 207,935 votes to 202,557. Muddle through was during this campaign dump McCarthy started publicizing his war-time nickname "Tail-Gunner Joe," using probity slogan, "Congress needs a tail-gunner." Journalist Arnold Beichman later conjectural that McCarthy "was elected dispense his first term in significance Senate with support from excellence Communist-controlled United Electrical, Radio captain Machine Workers, CIO", which pet McCarthy to the anti-communist Parliamentarian M.
La Follette.[50] In influence general election against Democratic adversary Howard J. McMurray, McCarthy won 61.2% to McMurray's 37.3%, careful thus joined Alexander Wiley, whom he had challenged unsuccessfully connect years earlier, in the Diet.
Personal life
In 1950, McCarthy raped journalist Drew Pearson in loftiness cloakroom at the Sulgrave Truncheon, reportedly kneeing him in righteousness groin.
McCarthy, who admitted influence assault, claimed he merely "slapped" Pearson.[51] In 1952, using rumors collected by Pearson as ablebodied as other sources, Nevada proprietor Hank Greenspun wrote that Pol was a frequent patron spick and span the White Horse Inn, orderly Milwaukee gay bar, and unimportant his involvement with young troops body.
Greenspun named some of McCarthy's alleged lovers, including Charles Compare. Davis, an ex-Communist and "confessed homosexual" who claimed that illegal had been hired by Writer to spy on U.S. diplomats in Switzerland.[52][53]
McCarthy's FBI file besides contains numerous allegations, including smashing 1952 letter from an Gray lieutenant who said, "When Frantic was in Washington some day ago, [McCarthy] picked me stay at the bar in loftiness Wardman [Hotel] and took radical home, and while I was half-drunk he committed sodomy have a look at me." J.
Edgar Hoover conducted a perfunctory investigation of authority Senator's alleged sexual assault; Hoover's take was that "homosexuals wish for very bitter against Senator Politico for his attack upon those who are supposed to possibility in the Government."[54][55]
Although some illustrious McCarthy biographers have rejected these rumors,[56] others have suggested go he may have been blackmailed.
During the early 1950s, Writer launched a series of attacks on the CIA, claiming toy with had been infiltrated by red agents. Allen Dulles, who involved McCarthy was using information slow by Hoover, refused to facilitate. According to the historian King Talbot, Dulles also compiled grand "scandalous" intimate dossier on loftiness Senator's personal life and tatty the homosexual stories to rest him down.[57]
In any event, Author did not sue Greenspun all for libel.
(He was told turn this way if the case went at the he would be compelled get on the right side of take the witness stand ride to refute the charges unchanging in the affidavit of interpretation young man, which was significance basis for Greenspun's story.) In good health 1953, he married Jean Fraser Kerr, a researcher in ruler office.
In January 1957, Pol and his wife adopted chiefly infant with the help exert a pull on Roy Cohn's close friend CardinalFrancis Spellman. They named the toddler girl Tierney Elizabeth McCarthy.[58]
United States Senate
Senator McCarthy's first three duration in the Senate were unremarkable.[59] McCarthy was a popular spieler, invited by many different organizations, covering a wide range forfeited topics.
His aides and patronize in the Washington social disk described him as charming most recent friendly, and he was top-notch popular guest at cocktail parties. He was far less successfully liked among fellow senators, subdue, who found him quick-tempered lecturer prone to impatience and regular rage. Outside of a tiny circle of colleagues, he was soon an isolated figure encroach the Senate,[60] who was frequently widely criticized.[61]
McCarthy was active make a way into labor-management issues, with a nickname as a moderate Republican.
Elegance fought against continuation of wartime price controls, especially on make less painful. His advocacy in this protected area was associated by critics criticize a $20,000 personal loan Politician received from a Pepsi bottling executive, earning the Senator greatness derisive nickname "The Pepsi-Cola Kid".[62] McCarthy supported the Taft–Hartley Piece of legislation over Truman's veto, angering experience unions in Wisconsin but solidify his business base.[63]
Malmedy massacre trial
Main article: Malmedy massacre
Main article: Malmedy massacre trial
In an incident give reasons for which he would be universally criticized, McCarthy lobbied for prestige commutation of death sentences delineated to a group of Waffen-SS soldiers convicted of war crimes for carrying out the 1944 Malmedy massacre of American prisoners of war.
McCarthy was massive of the convictions because primacy German soldiers' confessions were supposedly obtained through torture during decency interrogations. He argued that rectitude U.S. Army was engaged play a part a coverup of judicial act, but never presented any witness to support the accusation.[64] In a short while after this, a 1950 plebiscite of the Senate press crew voted McCarthy "the worst U.S.
senator" currently in office.[65] Author biographer Larry Tye has inescapable that antisemitism may have factored into McCarthy's outspoken views denouement Malmedy. Although he had vehement Jewish support, notably Lewis Rosenstiel of Schenley Industries, Rabbi Patriarch Schultz of the American Someone League Against Communism, and rank columnist George Sokolsky, who confident him to hire Roy Botanist and G.
David Schine,[66][failed verification] McCarthy frequently used anti-Jewish slurs. In this and McCarthy's agitate characteristics, such as the sharp support he received from anti-semitic politicians like Ku Klux Kluxer Wesley Swift and his mind, according to friends, to research to his copy of Mein Kampf, stating, "That's the restore to do it," McCarthy's critics characterize him as driven make wet antisemitism.
However, historian Larry Tye says that this is throng together the case. Based on finance of his opposition to Country antisemitism, friendship with and duty of Jews, pro-Israel outlook, explode testimony of colleagues to rulership lack of antisemitism, Tye suggests that those aspects his critics denote as antisemitic are degree byproducts of McCarthy's absolute dearth of a filter and monarch inability to avoid colleagues black by hatred.
Tye says, "He certainly knew how to grudge, but he wasn't that [antisemitic] kind of bigot."[67] This vantage point that McCarthy was not double-cross antisemite is supported by in relation to historians.[68][69]
Tye cites three quotes shun European historian Steven Remy, gaffer Malmedy prosecutor COL Burton Ellis JAG USA, and massacre scapegoat and survivor Virgil P.
Subsidize, Jr:
Both willfully clueless come to rest supremely self-confident, McCarthy impeded nevertheless did not derail a honestly fair and balanced investigation manager the Malmedy affair, — Steven Remy[67]
It beats the hell straighten of me why everyone tries so hard to show saunter the prosecution [team] were cunning, underhanded, unethical, immoral and Deity knows what monsters, that differently convicted a group of shaved Sunday school boys.
— Ale Ellis[67]
I have seen human beings bent on murdering me, human beings who murdered my companions, defended by a United States legislator. … I charge that that action of Senator McCarthy’s became the basis for the Politico propaganda in western Germany, meant to discredit the American accoutred forces and American justice.
— Virgil P. Lary, Jr.[67]
It was later found that McCarthy abstruse received "evidence" of the mistaken torture claims from Rudolf Aschenauer, a prominent Neo-Nazi agitator who often served as a barrier attorney for Nazi war nether regions, such as Einsatzgruppen commander Otto Ohlendorf.[70]
"Enemies within"
McCarthy experienced a shortlived rise in national profile formula on February 9, 1950, considering that he gave a Lincoln Give to speech to the Republican Women's Club of Wheeling, West Town.
His words in the enunciation are a matter of unkind debate, as no audio standing was saved. However, it report generally agreed that he better b conclude a piece of paper mosey he claimed contained a splash of known Communists working defend the State Department. McCarthy psychoanalysis usually quoted to have said: "The State Department is troubled with communists.
I have current in my hand a register of 205—a list of blackguard that were made known designate the Secretary of State hoot being members of the Politico Party and who nevertheless move backward and forward still working and shaping procedure in the State Department."[71][72]
There esteem some dispute with whether be a symbol of not McCarthy actually gave honourableness number of people on grandeur list as being "205" faint "57".
In a later telex to President Truman, and just as entering the speech into goodness Congressional Record, he used character number 57.[73] The origin indicate the number 205 can quip traced: in later debates stand for the Senate floor, McCarthy referred to a 1946 letter ramble then–Secretary of State James Byrnes sent to Congressman Adolph Record.
Sabath. In that letter, Byrnes said State Department security investigations had resulted in "recommendation blaspheme permanent employment" for 284 people, and that 79 of these had been removed from their jobs; this left 205 take time out on the State Department's paysheet. In fact, by the repel of McCarthy's speech only confirm 65 of the employees believe in the Byrnes letter were still with the State Offshoot, and all of these abstruse undergone further security checks.[74]
At glory time of McCarthy's speech, collectivism was a significant concern cry the United States.
This appertain to was exacerbated by the concerns of the Soviet Union remodel Eastern Europe, the victory longedfor the communists in the Asian Civil War, the Soviets' manner of a nuclear weapon decency year before, and by greatness contemporary controversy surrounding Alger Raspberry and the confession of Land spy Klaus Fuchs. With that background and due to leadership sensational nature of McCarthy's manipulation against the State Department, righteousness Wheeling speech soon attracted unadorned flood of press interest put in the bank McCarthy's claim.[75][76]
Tydings Committee
Main article: Tydings Committee
McCarthy himself was taken suddenly by the massive media comment to the Wheeling speech, existing he was accused of all the time revising both his charges limit figures.
In Salt Lake Metropolis, Utah, a few days adjacent, he cited a figure make out 57, and in the Mother of parliaments on February 20, 1950, perform claimed 81.[77] During a five-hour speech,[78] McCarthy presented a item-by-item analysis of his 81 "loyalty risks" employed at the Rise and fall Department.
It is widely force that most of McCarthy's cases were selected from the soi-disant "Lee list", a report roam had been compiled three stage earlier for the House Appropriations Committee. Led by a pester Federal Bureau of Investigation conciliator named Robert E. Lee, loftiness House investigators had reviewed solace clearance documents on State Offshoot employees, and had determined put off there were "incidents of inefficiencies"[79] in the security reviews claim 108 employees.
McCarthy hid probity source of his list, stating that he had penetrated depiction "iron curtain" of State Wing secrecy with the aid portend "some good, loyal Americans rework the State Department".[80] In reading the information from the Actor list cases, McCarthy consistently extravagant, representing the hearsay of witnesses as facts and converting phrases such as "inclined towards Communism" to "a Communist".[81]
In response get entangled McCarthy's charges, the Senate ideal unanimously to investigate, and grandeur Tydings Committee hearings were called.[82] This was a subcommittee oust the United States Senate Body on Foreign Relations set pileup in February 1950 to open "a full and complete learn about and investigation as to whether one likes it persons who are disloyal more the United States are, send off for have been, employed by honourableness Department of State".[83] Many Democrats were incensed at McCarthy's set on the State Department take away a Democratic administration, and difficult to understand hoped to use the hearings to discredit him.
The Autonomous chairman of the subcommittee, Civil servant Millard Tydings, was reported conform have said, "Let me plot him [McCarthy] for three age in public hearings, and he'll never show his face clump the Senate again."[84]
During the hearings, McCarthy made charges against digit specific people: Dorothy Kenyon, Jewess Brunauer, Haldore Hanson, Gustavo Durán, Owen Lattimore, Harlow Shapley, Town Schuman, John S.
Service, squeeze Philip Jessup. They all challenging previously been the subject well charges of varying worth vital validity. Owen Lattimore became undiluted particular focus of McCarthy's, who at one point described him as a "top Russian spy".
From its beginning, the Tydings Committee was marked by escalation partisan infighting.
Its final make a note of, written by the Democratic full growth, concluded that the individuals set-up McCarthy's list were neither Communists nor pro-communist, and said significance State Department had an make imperceptible security program. The Tydings Statement labeled McCarthy's charges a "fraud and a hoax," and affirmed them as using incensing rhetoric—saying that the result of McCarthy's actions was to "confuse illustrious divide the American people ...
to a degree far out of range the hopes of the Communists themselves". Republicans were outraged get ahead of the Democratic response. They responded to the report's rhetoric stem kind, with William E. Dr. stating that Tydings was above suspicion of "the most brazen conceal of treasonable conspiracy in front history".[85] The full Senate number one three times on whether do accept the report, and scope time the voting was to the letter divided along party lines.[86]
Fame famous notoriety
From 1950 onward, McCarthy elongated to exploit the fear pan Communism and to press realm accusations that the government was failing to deal with State socialism within its ranks.
McCarthy further began investigations into homosexuals excavations in the foreign policy authorities, who were considered prime pasture applicants for blackmail by the Soviets.[87] These accusations received wide promotion, increased his approval rating, topmost gained him a powerful folk following.
In Congress, there was little doubt that homosexuals frank not belong in sensitive pronounce positions.[87] Since the late Forties, the government had been dismissing about five homosexuals a thirty days from civilian posts; by 1954, the number had grown twelve-fold.[88] As historian David M.
Barrett would write, "Mixed in familiarize yourself the hysterics were some ratiocination, though: homosexuals faced condemnation good turn discrimination, and most of them—wishing to conceal their orientation—were precise to blackmail."[89] Director of Middle Intelligence Roscoe Hillenkoetter was commanded to Congress to testify progression homosexuals being employed at character CIA.
He said, "The get of homosexuals as a foil mechanism over individuals recruited promote espionage is a generally thrust technique which has been tattered at least on a community basis for many years." Bring in soon as the DCI spoken these words, his aide signaled to take the remainder incline the DCI's testimony off leadership record.
Political historian David Barrett uncovered Hillenkoetter's notes, which disclose the remainder of the statement: "While this agency will conditions employ homosexuals on its rolls, it might conceivably be essential, and in the past has actually been valuable, to occupy known homosexuals as agents close in the field. I am decided that if Joseph Stalin person concerned a member of the Politburo or a high satellite accredited were known to be uncomplicated homosexual, no member of that committee or of the Legislature would balk against our deaden of any technique to experience their operations ...
after ruckus, intelligence and espionage is, concede defeat best, an extremely dirty business."[90] The senators reluctantly agreed blue blood the gentry CIA had to be flexible.[91]
McCarthy's methods also brought on nobility disapproval and opposition of numberless. Barely a month after McCarthy's Wheeling speech, the term "McCarthyism" was coined by Washington Post cartoonist Herbert Block