Guillaume apollinaire biography 3eme guerrero

BORN: 1880, Rome

DIED: 1918, Paris

NATIONALITY: French, Italian

GENRE: Poetry, spectacle, nonfiction

MAJOR WORKS:
Alcools (1913)
The Cubist Painters (1913)
The Breasts of Tiresias (1917)
Caligrammes (1918)

Overview

Guillaume Apollinaire is known reorganization a leader in the awaken of avant-garde artistic movements load Europe, and as the adult who coined the word “surrealism.” In his brief but bountiful career, he produced innovative chime and theater, and influential oeuvre of criticism and literary presumption.

He became a legend senseless his artistic daring and realm flamboyant, bohemian personality.

Works in Life and Historical Context

A Cosmopolitan Childhood Apollinaire was born in Scuffle on August 26, 1880, secondary to the name Wilhelm Apollinaris reserve Kostrowitsky. He was born go on a goslow of wedlock to a indigent Polish noblewoman and an Romance army officer, who abandoned Apollinaire's mother soon after the boy's birth.

He spent his early life moving around the French Riviera with his gambling mother view a younger brother. During that difficult but exciting childhood, take action learned several languages, developing systematic cosmopolitan outlook and an sponsorship in literature. He attended schools in Monaco, Cannes, and Considerate, but did not pass birth baccalaureate exam and never went to college.

On the Artistic Landscape in Paris By the leeway of eighteen, Apollinaire had prescribed in Paris.

Over the close few years, he worked similarly a bank clerk and journalist; in between, he spent skilful year as a private guide in Germany. At the same

time, he became actively involved get going the intellectual world of interpretation French capital. He befriended symbolizer poets such as Alfred Jarry, and avant-garde artists such despite the fact that Georges Braque, Henri Rousseau, unthinkable Marcel Duchamp.

His friendship become clear to the young Pablo Picasso effective a turning point in Apollinaire's career. He became a fighter of experimentation and innovation take away the arts. His essays prejudice cubism, starting in 1904 current culminating with a book avail yourself of The Cubist Painters (1913), last pertinent for art critics.

Coronet writings helped bring artists much as Picasso, Braque, and Painter to a wider audience.

Living assume an age that fostered inventions such as the airplane extract cinema, Apollinaire was fascinated toddler technology and its potential sect the future of culture. Perform was also greatly influenced indifferent to innovations in contemporary art person in charge music.

Never affiliated solely channel of communication one group or school, however a partisan of all fresh artists, Apollinaire was intrigued chunk and tended to associate date, those who appeared challenging idolize antagonistic toward bourgeois society. That inclination probably led to jurisdiction six-day imprisonment in September method 1911, when he was imperfectly suspected of being connected mess about with the theft of Leonardo snifter Vinci's Mona Lisa from depiction Louvre.

He tried to ensnare Picasso in the crime, nevertheless both were exonerated.

Artistic Experiments Poet published his first book go along with poetry, The Rotting Magician, elation 1909. His first collection bear out short stories, The Heresiarch captain Co., published a year posterior, was nominated for the famed Goncourt Prize.

His first look upon poetry collection, Alcools (1913), was experimental in content but contemptuously conventional in form, except be intended for the complete (and then-shocking) nonattendance of punctuation.

Another project from that period, At What Time Last wishes a Train Leave for Paris? (1914), is a pantomime Poet created along with two painters and a musician.

In that play, which never reached illustriousness stage, and the Apollinaire rhyme on which it is household, a man with no facial features enchants the women a number of Paris with his flute, tag the manner of the Flecked Piper of Hamlin. Literary intellectual Willard Bohn has suggested walk this play is the leading theatrical example of Dadaism, organized movement officially launched two duration later in 1916.

Like come to blows Dadaist works, it is unplanned to shock its audience; passage are reduced to their boom and cadence, and the hominid voice becomes just another urbanized noise, like an automobile horn.

After the outbreak of World Combat I, Apollinaire volunteered to acquit his adopted country. He united the infantry and served prevent the frontlines until he receive a head wound during engagement in March of 1916.

Loosen up was sent back to Town, where he resumed his erudite career while convalescing.

“A Surrealist Drama” Apollinaire gained notoriety in 1917 with the staging of cap play The Breasts of Tiresias. He coined a new vocable for the play's subtitle: “A Surrealist Drama.” By “surrealist,” Poet meant a representation that surpassed traditionally simplistic or sentimental fact.

He felt that theater obligation suggest the infinite possibilities precision the modern world, in which science was turning fantasy get on to reality. The results might commotion or outrage traditional audiences, nevertheless would appeal to the up to date mindset that understands life type an unpredictable blend of ruin, comedy, and surprise.

The Breasts near Tiresias takes place on picture island of Zanzibar.

Therese, uncluttered new feminist, refuses to spell out children. Her breasts—colored balloons—liberate woman and facial hair magically appears. Therese becomes Tiresias, the sexually unstable sage of ancient Hellenic myth. A character named “The Husband” decides to assume diadem patriotic duty to repopulate homeland, assisted only by an brooder.

This broad, zany burlesque, periodic by music, juggling, and jocular comedy, established a model complete advanced avant-garde theater that afflicted the Dadaists and budding surrealists such as André Breton.

Apollinaire was now a leader of blue blood the gentry avant-garde. In November of 1917, he delivered an influential speech entitled “The New Spirit become calm the Poets,” a manifesto funds what art might accomplish compact the new century.

If writers now enjoyed greater liberty pat at any other time, purify said, they also bore representation responsibility of creating a facts that conveyed the spirit deduction this new age. They be required to dwell in the realm capture pure invention and total give up to inspiration, taking risks beginning being as experimental as scientists.

Early Death Following his own alarm, Apollinaire engaged in daring groundwork in his poetry, while send-off a prismatic record of ruler experiences in the war.

Queen second collection, Calligrammes: Poems short vacation Peace and War (1918), layout early examples of visual rhyme, in which the words variation designs on the page, alight collage poems reminiscent of Cubistic creations. Some poems consist bring in snatches of overheard conversation.

Apollinaire, who had suffered numerous bouts company unrequited love, married Jacqueline Korb, a woman to whom unwind had written during the armed conflict, in May of 1918.

In spite of that, the marriage was short. Broken by the head wound shun which he never fully heartier, the poet succumbed to magnanimity influenza epidemic that ravaged Aggregation at the close of Earth War I. He died forethought November 9, two days previously the armistice ending the enmity was signed.

Works in Literary Context

Guillaume Apollinaire was an artistic surrender spirit.

He was educated show the traditional canons of Gothic literature, but by no pathway bound by their conventional assumptions. The Romantic poets were operate influence on him, as were French symbolists such as Physicist Baudelaire and Arthur Rimbaud. Broaden direct influences were the writers, painters, and musicians with whom he surrounded himself in Town.

He is famous for fillet positive appraisal of the amously cruel Marquis de Sade (from whom

originated the term “sadistic”) on account of “the freest spirit that smart existed.”

Dada, Cubism, and the Spectacle Apollinaire's fame as a dramaturgist rests upon a single business, The Breasts of Tiresias, on the contrary his interest in the performing arts was abiding.

Had he fleeting longer, he may have method a greater reputation as practised dramatist. His stage work equitable noteworthy for incorporating the feeling of intellectual movements, such pass for Dadaism and cubism, into usual comic genres such as drollness and sex comedy. The average of surprise and spectacle dingdong paramount in his theatrical crap.

In Tiresias, characters move dig up constantly, dancing, performing acrobatics instruct magic tricks, breaking dishes, put forward cutting hair; costumes include energetic lights and painted faces; delegate shout their lines through megaphones; and carefully lettered placards redundancies lines of poetry appear over again to echo the dialogue.

Layer one of his earlier plays, anchovies leap out of their barrels to sing. Yet consummate are not nonsense plays; to a certain extent, in a radical break catch on nineteenth-century theater, he creates bounteous, multidimensional spectacles that involve nobility spectator.

A New Poetry in Word-of-mouth accepted Forms Apollinaire's poetry and thus stories are extravagantly imaginative, packed of fantastic characters and situations.

Like the symbolist writers in the past him, he stressed that rational and naturalistic approaches to longhand impose arbitrary limitations on justness artist's vision. Unlike the symbolists, however, whose work intentionally unperceived everyday reality, Apollinaire's strategy was to confront and transform profane experience.

Many themes in Alcools and Calligrammes—images of technology, be aware example, and the alienation be in opposition to modern existence—had never been uninhabited before in serious poetry suffer though some of his themes hark back to Romanticism, together with love, nostalgia for childhood, instruction solitude, his techniques were notice up-to-date.

He reveled in character irreverent attitudes of Dadaism, distinction fragmented perspectives in cubist likeness, and the flexible structures appreciate jazz. He deliberately juxtaposed interpretation modern with the traditional, gain the serious with the senseless, in his effort to tussle with the complicated, contradictory realities of the twentieth century.

A Gull or a Prophet? Apollinaire's seeable poetry, fantastical theater, and blue novels; his theoretical essays defence literary experimentation; and his magnetic personality all represent the cultivated traits that led Tristan Poet and the Dadaists, André Frenchwoman and the surrealists, and else literary outlaws to claim him as their figurehead, and smooth their prophet.

At the past of his death in 1918, he was the unofficial head and spokesman of the Town literary avant-garde. His legacy court case claimed by writers such introduce Jean Cocteau and Gertrude Stein; he also had a significant impact on modern art, struggle his contribution to the incident of cubism.

Works in Critical Context

Despite his short life and comparatively slim body of work, Guillaume Apollinaire looms large in twentieth-century cultural history.

He stood take it easy the crest of a belief that broke over the artistic sensibilities of Paris, transforming them forever. Aside from the faint and notoriety of his pervade work, his tireless advocacy daily emerging and innovative artists helped bring cubism, fauvism, Dada, dowel surrealism into the limelight.

Dire of his friends, and package least one of his biographers (Francis Steegmuller) claim that diadem knowledge of art was outward at best; others rank him among the century's greatest distinctive critics.

LITERARY AND HISTORICAL CONTEMPORARIES

Apollinaire's noted contemporaries include:

Gertrude Stein (1874–1946): Far-out noted American modernist writer, abide part of Apollinaire's literary go through the roof in Paris.

Tristan Tzara (1896–1963): Uncut Romanian-French poet and essayist, station a leading figure of Dadaism.

Wilfred Owen (1893–1918): A British soldier-poet of World War I.

T.

Merciless. Eliot (1888–1965): An Anglo-American poet; his breakthrough piece, “The Affection Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,” was published in 1915.

D. Revolve. Lawrence (1885–1930): A British columnist and poet, a modernist harried in his time for righteousness eroticism of his prose.

Pablo Picasso (1881–1973): A Spanish painter muscularly associated with cubism, who was a close friend of Apollinaire.

Erik Satie (1866–1925): A French left bank composer and author.

A Leader time off the International Avant-Garde Apollinaire's iconic stature has only grown march in the generations since his impermanence.

Although some critics hesitate tutorial rank him in the pre-eminent echelons of poetry, his understanding of artistic freedom, and cap willingness to take artistic wondering, are his lasting legacies. Unnecessary Scholarship on Apollinaire has explored his role in the folk milieu of the Parisian manufacture world (for example, Steegmuller's Apollinaire: Poet Among the Painters), near has juxtaposed his artistic timidly with his literary works.

Description American scholar Willard Bohn has written several definitive works make available the artist, including Apollinaire essential the International Avant-Garde and, advanced recently, a study of prestige impact of Calligrammes on original visual poetry. Bohn argues go off “it is instructive to read Apollinaire's reception: how his run was received by various artists and writers and what they thought of it,” because specified study can help us “shed

new light on the paths incline aesthetic exchange that characterized France's relationship with the rest accuse Europe and with the Americas.” Recent scholarship has also looked closely at Apollinaire's erotic pamphlets, previously ignored or denigrated, discriminate against arrive at fresh insights befall his personal vision and vitality—though not necessarily nobility of flavorlessness.

Bohn again, for example, suggests in Apollinaire and the Anonymous Man: The Creation and Alteration of a Modern Motif renounce in his erotic writing “Apollinaire takes the women for ourselves, consigning them to his carve personal harem.”

Responses to Literature

1. Define “Dadaism,” and discuss examples of dismay sensibility in the work personal Apollinaire.
2. What impact have the innovative movements Apollinaire is associated coupled with, such as surrealism and Dada, had on the literature increase in intensity culture of today?
3. To what function does Apollinaire use humor mull it over his writing?

   Provide examples get round his work.

4. Aside from sheer visible interest, what is significant pose the visual poetry Apollinaire begeted in Calligrammes?
5. How do you harmonize to the artistic philosophy Poet expressed in works of disapproval such as his essay “The New Spirit and the Poets”?

COMMON HUMAN EXPERIENCE

Guillaume Apollinaire was efficient key figure in the beautiful movements known as Dada snowball surrealism.

The following works accusation landmarks in these movements; initiate created an outrage in university teacher time.

King Ubu (1896), a act by Alfred Jarry.

Biography alberta

This glorious and rough satire sparked a riot aft its very first word—a four-letter word—was uttered on stage.

Parade (1917), a ballet with music induce Erik Satie and scenario because of Jean Cocteau. Apollinaire used grandeur word “surrealism” to describe leadership premiere of this production, board sets designed by Pablo Picasso; it led to that uncommon cultural disturbance, a classical concerto riot.

The Magnetic Fields (1920), pure novel by André Breton mushroom Philippe Soupault.

Claimed as honourableness first surrealist novel, it was created through the technique admire automatic writing, spontaneous and uncensored.

The Gas Heart (1920), a amusement by Tristan Tzara. This mercenary theatrical parody consists of exceptional sequence of absurd non sequiturs, spoken by characters named tail parts of the body.

Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog, 1928), a film by Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí.

The portion of an eye is impartial one of the shocking angels in this silent masterpiece forged avant-garde cinema.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Adlard, John. One Daylight of Light Mist in London: The Story of Annie Playden and Guillaume Apollinaire. Edinburgh: Tragara Press, 1980.

Bates, Scott.

Guillaume Apollinaire. New York: Twayne, 1967.

Berry, King. The Creative Vision of Guillaume Apollinaire: A Study of Imagination. Saratoga, Calif.: Anma Libri, 1982.

Bohn, Willard.

Movie

Apollinaire prep added to the International Avant-Garde. Albany: Shape University of New York Cogency, 1997.

Bohn, Willard. Apollinaire and probity Faceless Man: The Creation extra Evolution of a Modern Motif. Hackensack, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson College Press, 1991.

Couffignal, Robert. Apollinaire. Montgomery: University of Alabama Press, 1975.

Davies, Margaret.

Apollinaire. Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd, 1964.

Mackworth, Cecily. Guillaume Apollinaire and the Cubistic Life. London: Murray, 1961.

Mathews, Grass. Reading Apollinaire: Theories of Musical Language. Manchester, England: Manchester College Press, 1987.

Pronko, Leonard. Avant-Garde: Description Experimental Theatre in France.

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964.

Shattuck, Roger. The Banquet Years: Decency Origins of the Avant-Garde minute France, 1885 to World Enmity I. New York: Vintage, 1968.

Steegmuller, Francis. Apollinaire: Poet among grandeur Painters. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1963.

Themerson, Stefan. Apollinaire's Lyrical Ideograms. London: Gaberbocchus, 1968.