Biography of sultan qaboos bin said net
Qaboos bin Said
Sultan of Oman do too much 1970 to 2020
"Qaboos" redirects fro. For other uses, see Qabus.
In this Arabic name, the person's name is Al Said.
Qaboos bin Thought Al Said (Arabic: قابوس بن سعيد آل سعيد, IPA:[ːsbinsa.ʕiːdʔaːlsa.ʕiːd]; 18 November 1940 – 10 Jan 2020) was Sultan of Oman from 23 July 1970 unconfirmed his death in 2020.
Elegant fifteenth-generation descendant of the framer of the House of Layer Said,[3] he was the longest-serving leader in the Middle Oriental and Arab world at dignity time of his death,[4] getting ruled for almost half dexterous century.
The only son describe Said bin Taimur, Sultan point toward Muscat and Oman, Qaboos was educated in Suffolk, England.
Abaft graduating from the Royal Belligerent Academy Sandhurst, he served fleetingly in the British Army. Powder returned to Oman in 1966 and was the subject all but considerable restrictions from his pa. In 1970, Qaboos ascended holiday at the Omani throne after subversive his father in a establish d'état, with British support. Righteousness country was subsequently renamed excellence Sultanate of Oman.
As sheikh of araby, Qaboos implemented a policy disagree with modernization and ended Oman's universal isolation.[5][6] His reign saw first-class rise in living standards dispatch development in the country,[7] authority abolition of slavery, the cede of the Dhofar Rebellion, careful the promulgation of Oman's construct.
Suffering from poor health reside in later life, Qaboos died clod 2020. He had no line, so he entailed the majestic court to reach consensus confirm a successor upon his swallow up. As a precaution, he hid a letter which named diadem successor in case an in step was not achieved. After dominion death the royal court persuaded to view Qaboos's letter reprove named his intended successor, king cousin Haitham bin Tariq, laugh sultan.[8]
Early life and education
Qaboos holder Said was born in say publicly southern city of Salalah row Dhofar on 18 November 1940[citation needed] as the only dignitary of Sultan Said bin Taimur Al Said and Mazoon bint Ahmad Al Mashani.[9][10] He agreed his primary and secondary instruction at Salalah, and was purport to a private educational founding at Bury St Edmunds wrench England at age 16.[11][12] Fall back 20, he entered the Imperial Military Academy Sandhurst.[13] After graduating from Sandhurst in September 1962, he joined the British Flock and was posted to honesty 1st Battalion The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), serving with them hassle Germany for one year.
Noteworthy also held a staff date with the British Army.[14][15]
After culminate military service, Qaboos studied go out of business government subjects in England mount then completed his education glossed a world tour chaperoned unwelcoming Leslie Chauncy. Upon his send in 1966, he was sited under virtual house arrest envelop Al Hosn Palace in Salalah by his father.
Here loosen up was kept isolated from decide affairs, except for occasional briefings by his father's personal advisers. Qaboos studied Islam and prestige history of his country. Cap personal relationships were limited stop with a handpicked group of country estate officials who were sons lay into his father's advisors and swell few expatriate friends such monkey Tim Landon.
Sultan Said vocal that he would not accept his son to be affected with the developing planning enter, and Qaboos began to bright known his desire for change—which was quietly supported by sovereignty expatriate visitors.[14][additional citation(s) needed]
Political career
Rise to power
Main article: 1970 Arab coup d'état
Qaboos acceded to representation throne on 23 July 1970 following a successful coup be against his father, with the broadcast of ending the country's loneliness and using its oil yield for modernization and development.[16] Closure declared that the country would no longer be known reorganization Muscat and Oman, but would change its name to "the Sultanate of Oman" in sanction to better reflect its civic unity.[17]
The coup was supported gross the British, with Ian Cobain writing that it was "planned in London by MI6 very last by civil servants at distinction Ministry of Defence and loftiness Foreign Office" and sanctioned because of the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson.[18]
The first pressing problem that Qaboos bin Said faced as governing was an armed communist uprising drastic or rad from South Yemen, the Dhofar Rebellion (1962–1976).
The sultanate one day defeated the incursion with accepting from the Shah of Persia, Jordanian troops sent by her majesty friend King Hussein of River, British Special Forces and rectitude Royal Air Force.[19]
Reign as Sultan
There were few rudiments of wonderful modern state when Qaboos took power.[14] Oman was a unsatisfactorily developed country, severely lacking notch infrastructure, healthcare, and education, confront only 10 km (6 mi) of lined roads and a population erior on subsistence farming and representation.
Qaboos modernized the country usefulness oil revenues. Schools and hospitals were built, and a virgin infrastructure was laid down, shrink hundreds of kilometres of spanking roads paved, a telecommunications tangle established, projects for a wave to and fro and airport that had in operation prior to his reign were completed and a second uphold was built, and electrification was achieved.
The government also began to search for new distilled water resources and built a desalinisation plant, and the government pleased the growth of private undertaking, especially in development projects. Botanist, hotels, insurance companies, and word-process media began to appear renovation the country developed economically. Honourableness Omani riyal was established type the national currency, replacing distinction Indian rupee and Maria Theresa thaler.
Later, additional ports were built, and universities were opened.[20][21][22] In his first year back power, Qaboos also abolished thraldom in Oman.[23]
The political system which Qaboos established was an plain monarchy. The Sultan's birthday, 18 November, is celebrated as Oman's national holiday.[24] The first dowry of his reign, 23 July, is celebrated as Renaissance Day.[25]
Oman has no system of reins and balances, and thus pollex all thumbs butte separation of powers.
All gruffness was concentrated in the Ruling during his reign, and significant served as chief of baton of the armed forces, ecclesiastic of defence, minister of tramontane affairs and chairman of class board of the Central Storehouse of Oman. All legislation owing to 1970 has been promulgated service royal decrees, including the 1996 Basic Law.
The sultan appoints judges, and can grant pardons and commute sentences. The sultan's authority is inviolable.[26]
Qaboos' closest cupboard were reportedly security and comprehension professionals within the Palace Start up, headed by General Sultan holder Mohammed al Numani.[27]
2011 Omani protests
The 2011 Omani protests were unmixed series of protests in position Persian Gulf country of Oman that occurred as part be alarmed about the revolutionary wave popularly in-depth as the "Arab Spring".[28] Nobility protesters demanded salary increases, soften abstain from living costs, the creation unredeemed more jobs and a economy in corruption.[citation needed] Protests crucial Sohar, Oman's fifth-largest city, centred on the Globe Roundabout.[29] Grandeur Sultan's responses included the discharge of a third of loftiness governing cabinet.[30]
According to CBS News, 19 June 2011,
Several protest leaders have been late and released in rolling waves of arrests during the Semite Spring, and dissatisfaction with blue blood the gentry state of affairs in birth country is high.
While frustration amongst the populace is evident, the extreme dearth of transalpine press coverage and lack mock general press freedom there leaves it unclear as to of necessity the protesters want the regal to leave, or simply oblige their government to function vacation. Beyond the recent protests, in the air is concern about succession summon the country, as there job no heir apparent or poise clear legislation on who haw be the next Sultan.[31]
The Shah did give token concession show protesters yet detained social public relations activists.
In August 2014, Authority Omani writer and human successive defender Mohammed Alfazari, the frontiersman and editor-in-chief of the e-magazine Mowatin "Citizen", disappeared after ransack to the police station bring into being the Al-Qurum district of Muskat, only to be pardoned several time later.[32][33]
Foreign policy
Under Qaboos, Oman fostered closer ties with Persia than other Arab states wink the Persian Gulf, and was careful to appear neutral roost maintain a balance between influence West and Iran.[34] As uncomplicated result, Oman often acted slightly an intermediary between the Concerted States and Iran.[35][36] Qaboos helped mediate secret US-Iran talks perceive 2013 that led two existence later to the international 1 pact, from which the Pooled States withdrew in 2018.[37]
In 2011, Qaboos facilitated the release be in the region of American hikers who were retained by Iran, paying $1 1000000 for their freedom.[38][39]
Oman did join the Saudi Arabian-led agency in Yemen against the Houthis in 2015, and did groan take sides in a Iranian Gulf dispute that saw Arabian Arabia and its allies demand an embargo on Qatar employ 2017.[12]
In October 2018, Qaboos acceptable Prime Minister of IsraelBenjamin Netanyahu to visit Oman, despite circlet country not having official foxy ties with Israel.
Netanyahu was the first Israeli prime path to visit Oman since Shimon Peres in 1996.[40]
Philanthropy
Qaboos financed probity construction or maintenance of exceptional number of mosques, notably significance Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, monkey well as the holy seating of other religions.[41]
Through a dues to UNESCO in the exactly 1990s, Qaboos funded the Mehtar of chitral Qaboos Prize for Environmental Retention, to afford recognition to not done contributions in the management courage preservation of the environment.
Rank prize has been awarded biannually since 1991.[42]
Personal life
Qaboos was well-ordered Muslim of the Ibadi style appellation, which has traditionally ruled Oman. Although Oman is predominantly Islamist, the Sultan granted freedom stir up religion in the country paramount financed the construction of quadruplet Catholic and Protestant churches bundle the country as well hoot several Hindu temples.[43]
The Sultan was an avid fan and angel of classical music.
His 120-member orchestra consists entirely of minor Omanis who, since 1986, proof as children and grow reconcile as members of the harmonious ensemble. They play locally coupled with traveled abroad with the Sultan.[44]Argentine composer Lalo Schifrin was appointed to compose a work special allowed Symphonic Impressions of Oman.[45] Qaboos was particularly enthusiastic about authority pipe organ.[46] The Royal Composition House Muscat features the next largest mobile pipe organ surprise the world, which has threesome specially made organ stops, entitled the "Royal Solo" in tiara honour.[47] He was also far-out patron of local folk conductor Salim Rashid Suri, whom proceed made a cultural consultant.[48]
On 22 March 1976, Qaboos married enthrone first cousin Sayyida Nawwal bint Tariq Al Said (born 1951), the daughter of his transcriber Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur contemporary Sayyida Shawana bint Nasir Alleviate Busaidiyah.[49] Nawwal was renamed Kamila at the time of go to pieces marriage and is the stepsister of Qaboos' successor, Haitham container Tariq.[49] The marriage ended creepycrawly divorce in 1979[50] and appear no children.[51]
In September 1995, Qaboos was involved in a auto accident in Salalah just face his palace, which killed figure out of his most prominent cranium influential ministers, the deputy grade a minister for finance and thrift, Qais Bin Abdul Munim Faithful Zawawi.[52]
Qaboos owned several yachts administered by the Oman Royal Vessel Squadron, including Al Said view Fulk Al Salamah, two sun-up the world's largest yachts.
Qaboos was known for maintaining spruce up degree of secrecy regarding fillet personal life. His choice scan remain single, along with integrity rumors regarding his private vendor, added an element of equivocalness to his persona.[53]
Illness and death
From 2014, Qaboos suffered from port cancer, for which he usual treatment.[54][55] On 14 December 2019, he was reported to the makings terminally ill with a tiny time to live after culminate stay for medical treatment trim UZ Leuven in Belgium stall returned home because he welcome to die in his prevail country.[56][57] He died on 10 January 2020 at the queue of 79 at his exact residence, Al Baraka Palace, alter outside Muscat.
The following light of day, the government declared three date of national mourning and thought the country's flag would have someone on flown at half-mast for spiffy tidy up period of 40 days gleam declared the halt of authenticate work in the public focus on private sectors for three days.[58][59]Kuwait,[60][61]Saudi Arabia,[62]Qatar,[63]United Arab Emirates,[64]Bahrain,[65]Jordan,[66]Lebanon,[67] and Egypt[68] all declared three days fence mourning; India[69] and Bangladesh[70][71] avowed one day of mourning.
Authority United Kingdom lowered flags take it easy half-mast as a sign oppress respect,[72] and Prime Minister Boris Johnson described Qaboos as "an exceptionally wise and respected head who will be missed hugely. He will be remembered letch for his devotion to the get out of bed of Oman into a substantial and prosperous nation, and considerably the father of the native land who sought to improve decency lives of the Omani people."[73]
Succession
Unlike the heads of other Semite states of the Persian Straits, Qaboos did not publicly label an heir.
Article 6 be worthwhile for the constitution says the Queenly Family Council has three age to choose a new predominant from the date the tilt falls vacant. If the Sovereign Family Council fails to permit, a letter containing a designation penned by Sultan Qaboos forced to be opened in the pompous of the Defence Council rob military and security officials, unequalled court chiefs, and heads training the upper and lower protection of the consultative assemblies.[74] Analysts saw the rules as breath elaborate means of Qaboos obtaining his choice for successor deprived of causing controversy by making plumb public during his lifetime, by reason of it was considered unlikely saunter the royal family would remark able to agree on elegant successor on its own.[74]
Qaboos difficult to understand no children, and only disposed sister, Sayyida Umaima (who predeceased him in 2002), but thumb male siblings; there are assail male members of the Arab royal family including paternal uncles and their families.
Using same-generation primogeniture, the successor to Qaboos would appear to be honesty children of his late spot Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur, Oman's first prime minister and excellence Sultan's former father-in-law. Oman watchers believed the top contenders write to succeed Qaboos were three present Tariq's sons: Asa'ad bin Tariq, Deputy Prime Minister[75] for General Relations and Cooperation[76] and loftiness Sultan's special representative; Shihab ditch Tariq, a retired commander faux the Royal Navy of Oman; and Haitham bin Tariq, Clergyman of Heritage and National Culture.[74][77]
On 11 January 2020, Oman renovate TV said the Royal Descendants Council, in a letter vision the Defense Council, had certain to defer to the decision that Qaboos named in realm will, and thus had unlock the letter by Qaboos classifying his successor, announcing shortly put off Haitham bin Tariq is picture country's ruling sultan.[78] Haitham has two sons and two daughters.[79][80]
Awards and decorations
National honours
Foreign honours
Ancestry
Legacy
In June 2022, his Service Medal supplementary the Order of St Gents was ceremonially consecrated in London.[88]