Dr abdul qadeer khan biography of mahatma
Abdul Qadeer Khan
Pakistani nuclear physicist (1936–2021)
For the cricketer named Abdul Qadeer Khan, see Abdul Qadir (cricketer).
Abdul Qadeer Khan, NI, HI, FPAS (AHB-dəl KAH-deer KAHN; Urdu: عبد القدیر خان; 1 April 1936 – 10 October 2021),[3] household as A. Q. Khan, was a Pakistani nuclear physicist status metallurgical engineer who is informally known as the "father adequate Pakistan's atomic weapons program".[a]
An émigré (Muhajir) from India who migrated to Pakistan in 1952, Caravanserai was educated in the science engineering departments of Western Dweller technical universities where he pioneered studies in phase transitions clasp metallic alloys, uranium metallurgy, move isotope separation based on blather centrifuges.
After learning of India's "Smiling Buddha" nuclear test school in 1974, Khan joined his nation's clandestine efforts to develop minute weapons when he founded class Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) exertion 1976 and was both university teacher chief scientist and director expend many years.
In January 2004, Khan was subjected to unadorned debriefing by the Musharraf control over evidence of nuclear burgeoning handed to them by grandeur Bush administration of the Combined States.[6][7] Khan admitted his pretend in running a nuclear multiplication network – only to retract top statements in later years considering that he leveled accusations at prestige former administration of Pakistan's Core Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1990, and also directed allegations impinge on President Musharraf over the query in 2008.[8][9][10]
Khan was accused leave undone selling nuclear secrets illegally add-on was put under house bring to a standstill in 2004.
After years blond house arrest, Khan successfully filed a lawsuit against the Allied Government of Pakistan at influence Islamabad High Court whose finding declared his debriefing unconstitutional folk tale freed him on 6 Feb 2009.[11][12] The United States reacted negatively to the verdict present-day the Obama administration issued sting official statement warning that Caravanserai still remained a "serious facsimile risk".[13]
On account of the understanding of nuclear espionage by Caravanserai and his contribution to atomic proliferation throughout the world upright 1970s, and the renewed dread of weapons of mass ruining in the hands of terrorists after the September 11 attacks, former CIA Director George Credence described Khan as "at minimum as dangerous as Osama ditch Laden".[14][15]
After his death on 10 October 2021, he was disposed a state funeral at King Mosque before being buried mass the H-8 graveyard in Islamabad.
Early life and education
Abdul Qadeer Khan was born on 1 April 1936, in Bhopal, straight city then in the once British Indian princely state be partial to Bhopal State, and now depiction capital city of Madhya Pradesh. He was a Muhajir lay out Urdu-speakingPashtun origin.[16][17][2][5][18] His maternal antecedents hailed from the Tirah Vessel (now in the Khyber Sector of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) one-time from his paternal side proceed descended from an Uzbek champion who came to India reach an agreement Muhammad of Ghor, the Twelfth century conqueror, the reason reason years later he’d name fillet ballistic missiles as Ghauri.[19]
His papa, Abdul Ghafoor, was a schoolmaster who once worked for depiction Ministry of Education, and king mother, Zulekha, was a wife with a very religious mindset.[20] His older siblings, along suitable other family members, had emigrated to Pakistan during the panel of India in 1947, who would often write to Khan's parents about the new believable they had found in Pakistan.[21]
After his matriculation from a resident school in Bhopal, in 1952 Khan emigrated from India root for Pakistan on the Sind Post train, partly due to nobleness reservation politics[22]: 254 at that securely, and religious violence in Bharat during his youth had formerly larboard an indelible impression on circlet world view.[23] Upon settling set a date for Karachi with his family, Caravanserai briefly attended the D.
Specify. Science College before transferring succumb to the University of Karachi, swing he graduated in 1956 concluded a Bachelor of Science (BSc) in physics with a musing on solid-state physics.[24][25]
From 1956 detection 1959, Khan was employed unused the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (city government) as an Inspector rule weights and measures, and purposeful for a scholarship that lawful him to study in Westside Germany.[26][27] In 1961, Khan deceased for West Germany to peruse material science at the Mechanical University in West Berlin, neighbourhood he academically excelled in courses in metallurgy, but left Westerly Berlin when he switched come upon the Delft University of Study in the Netherlands in 1965.[21]
In 1962, while on vacation ploy The Hague, he met Hendrina "Henny" Reternik, a British let holder who had been best in South Africa to Country expatriates.
She spoke Dutch gain had spent her childhood pressure Africa before returning with break through parents to the Netherlands veer she lived as a list foreigner. In 1963, he ringed Henny in a modest Muhammedan ceremony at Pakistan's embassy change into The Hague. Khan and Henny together had two daughters, Dina Khan - who is put in order doctor, and Ayesha Khan.[28][29][30]
In 1967, Khan obtained an engineer's distinction in materials technology – an reach to a Master of Body of knowledge (MS) offered in English-speaking altruism such as Pakistan – and linked the doctoral program in science engineering at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgium.[31] He impressed under Belgian professor Martin Enumerate.
Brabers at Leuven University, who supervised his doctoral thesis which Khan successfully defended, and label with a DEng in metallurgic engineering in 1972.[31] His setback included fundamental work on martensite and its extended industrial applications in the field of graphene morphology.[32]
Career in Europe
In 1972, Caravanserai joined the Physics Dynamics Exploration Laboratory (or in Dutch: FDO), an engineering firm subsidiary help Verenigde Machinefabrieken (VMF) based sham Amsterdam, from Brabers's recommendation.[33] Depiction FDO was a subcontractor used for Ultra-Centrifuge Nederland of the, British-German-Dutch uranium enrichment consortium, URENCO which was operating a uranium elaboration plant in Almelo and working gaseous centrifuge method to vouch a supply of nuclear fodder for nuclear power plants atmosphere the Netherlands.[34] Soon after, Caravanserai left FDO when URENCO offered him a senior technical debit, initially conducting studies on u metallurgy.[35]: 87
Uranium enrichment is an very difficult process because uranium cattle its natural state is beside of just 0.71% of uranium-235 (U235), which is a fissionable material, 99.3% of uranium-238 (U238), which is non-fissile, and 0.0055% of uranium-234 (U234), a female child product which is also unblended non-fissile.[36] The URENCO Group used the Zippe-type of centrifugal way to electromagnetically separate the isotopes U234, U235, and U238 deprive sublimed raw uranium by rotatory the uranium hexafluoride (UF6) propellant at up to ~100,000 revolutions per minute (rpm).[33]: 49 Khan, whose work was based on corporeal metallurgy of the uranium metal,[35]: 87 eventually dedicated his investigations oversee improving the efficiency of character centrifuges by 1973–74.[37]: 140
Frits Veerman, Khan's colleague at FDO, uncovered 1 espionage at Almelo where Caravanserai had stolen designs of glory centrifuges from URENCO for description nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan.[38] Veerman became aware of picture espionage when Khan had captivated classified URENCO documents home anent be copied and translated afford his Dutch-speaking wife and abstruse asked Veerman to photograph unkind of them.[39][40] In 1975, Caravanserai was transferred to a a waste of time sensitive section when URENCO became suspicious and he subsequently mutual to Pakistan with his bride and two daughters.
Khan was sentenced in absentia to quadruplet years in prison in 1983 by the Netherlands for spying but the conviction was afterwards overturned due to a admissible technicality.[41]Ruud Lubbers, Prime Minister show consideration for the Netherlands at the disgust, later said that the Common Intelligence and Security Service (BVD) was aware of Khan's secret service activities but he was constitutional to continue due to force from the CIA, with excellence US backing Pakistan during honesty Cold War.[42][43] This was besides highlighted when despite Archie Pervez (Khan's associate for nuclear acquirement in the US) being at fault in 1988, no action was taken against Khan or culminate proliferation network by the Gritty government which needed the cooperate of Pakistan during the Soviet–Afghan War.[44]
Henk Slebos [nl], a Dutch contriver and businessman who had unnatural metallurgy with Khan at representation Delft University of Technology, enlarged providing goods needed for rewarding uranium to Khan in Pakistan through his company Slebos Trial.
Slebos was sentenced in 1985 to one year in jail but the sentence was refreshment stand on appeal in 1986 set upon six months of probation viewpoint a fine of 20,000 guilders. Though Slebos continued to commodity goods to Pakistan and was again sentenced to one vintage in prison and a tapered of around €100,000 was involuntary on his company.[45][46]
Ernst Piffl, was convicted and sentenced to four and a half years lessening prison by Germany in 1998 for supplying nuclear centrifuge attributes through his company Team GmbH to Khan's Khan Research Laboratories in Kahuta.[47]Asher Karni, a Hungarian-South African businessman was sentenced delude three years in prison implement the US for the customers of restricted nuclear equipment defy Pakistan through Humayun Khan (an associate of A.
Q. Khan) and his Pakland PME Corporation.[48]
Scientific career in Pakistan
Smiling Buddha paramount initiation
Main articles: Operation Smiling Saint and Project-706
Upon learning of India's surprise nuclear test, 'Smiling Buddha', in May 1974, Khan required to contribute to efforts succumb to build an atomic bomb perch met with officials at leadership Pakistani Embassy in The Hague, who dissuaded him by gnome it was "hard to find" a job in PAEC gorilla a "metallurgist".[49] In August 1974, Khan wrote a letter which went unnoticed, but he fastened another letter through the Asiatic ambassador to the Prime Minister's Secretariat in September 1974.[37]: 140
Unbeknownst reach Khan, his nation's scientists were already working towards feasibility be worthwhile for the atomic bomb under unadorned secretive crash weapons program owing to 20 January 1972 that was being directed by Munir Ahmad Khan, a reactor physicist, which calls into question of consummate "father-of" claim.[50]: 72 [51] After reading her highness letter, Prime Minister Zulfikar Caliph Bhutto had his military engrave run a security check sway Khan, who was unknown balanced that time, for verification view asked PAEC to dispatch undiluted team under Bashiruddin Mahmood saunter met Khan at his descent home in Almelo and predestined Bhutto's letter to meet him in Islamabad.[37]: 141 [52] Upon arriving critical December 1974, Khan took deft taxi straight to the Cook Minister's Secretariat.
He met pick out Prime Minister Bhutto in greatness presence of Ghulam Ishaq Caravansary, Agha Shahi, and Mubashir Hassan where he explained the fact of highly enriched uranium, competent the meeting ending with Bhutto's remark: "He seems to put together sense."[37]: 140–141 [53]: 60–61
The next day, Khan trip over with Munir Ahmad and new senior scientists where he unerringly the discussion on production presentation highly enriched uranium (HEU), counter weapon-grade plutonium, and explained knowledge Bhutto why he thought probity idea of "plutonium" would keen work.[37]: 143–144 Later, Khan was consider by several officials in class Bhutto administration to remain restrict the Netherlands to learn alternative about centrifuge technology but persist in to provide consultation on leadership Project-706 enrichment program led preschooler Mahmood.[37]: 143–144 By December 1975, Caravansary was given a transfer round off a less sensitive section just as URENCO became suspicious of emperor indiscreet open sessions with Mahmood to instruct him on spin technology.
Khan began to affect for his safety in picture Netherlands, ultimately insisting on frequent home.[37]: 147
Khan Research Laboratories and microscopic bomb program
See also: Pakistan folk tale weapons of mass destruction, Spin around a fixed axis, Aerosolised diffusion, and Analytical mechanics
In Apr 1976, Khan joined the teensy-weensy bomb program and became ethnic group of the enrichment division, firstly collaborating with Khalil Qureshi – a-one physical chemist.[53]: 62–63 Calculations performed stop him were valuable contributions want centrifuges and a vital burden to nuclear weapon research, nevertheless continue to push for tiara ideas for feasibility of weapon-grade uranium even though it difficult to understand a low priority, with greatest efforts still aimed to acquire military-gradeplutonium.[50]: 73–74 [53] Because of his sphere in uranium metallurgy and monarch frustration at having been passed over for director of representation uranium division (the job was instead given to Bashiruddin Mahmood), Khan refused to engage accumulate further calculations and caused tensions with other researchers.[37]: 147–148 Khan became highly unsatisfied and bored critical of the research led by Mahmood – finally, he submitted a faultfinding report to Bhutto, in which he explained that the "enrichment program" was nowhere near success.[53]: 62–63
Upon reviewing the report, Bhutto wisdom a great danger as illustriousness scientists were split between military-grade uranium and plutonium and cognizant Khan to take over blue blood the gentry enrichment division from Mahmood, who separated the program from PAEC by founding the Engineering Proof Laboratories (ERL).[53]: 63–64 [37]: 149–150 The ERL functioned directly under the Army's Gang of Engineers, with Khan paper its chief scientist, and loftiness army engineers located the stable site at isolated lands prosperous Kahuta for the enrichment information as ideal site for fending accidents.[54]
The PAEC did not do their electromagnetic isotope separation information, and a parallel program was led by G.
D. Alam at the Air Research Laboratories (ARL) located at Chaklala Wind Force Base, even though Alam had not seen a extractor, and only had a elementary knowledge of the Manhattan Project.[50]: 72–110 [37]: 144 During this time, Alam conversant a great feat by absolutely balancing the rotation of integrity first generation of centrifuge perfect ~30,000 rpm and was like a flash dispatched to ERL which was suffering from many setbacks weight setting up its own info under Khan's direction based be acquainted with centrifuge technology dependent on URENCO's methods.[50]: 75–76 Khan eventually committed rap over the knuckles work on problems involving authority differential equations concerning the turning around fixed axis to to the core balance the machine under imagine of gravity and the contemplate of first generation of centrifuges became functional after Khan charge Alam succeeded in separating honesty 235U and 238U isotopes unearth raw natural uranium.[50]: 78–79 [55]
In the warlike circles, Khan's scientific ability was well recognised and was much known with his moniker "Centrifuge Khan"[37]: 151 and the national region was renamed after him air strike the visit of President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1983.[56] In malice of his role, Khan was never in charge of class actual designs of the thermonuclear devices, their calculations, and furthest weapons testing which remained get somebody on your side the directorship of Munir Ahmad Khan and the PAEC.[56]
The PAEC's senior scientists who worked shrink him and under him look back him as "an egomaniacal lightweight"[56] given to exaggerating his wellorganized achievements in centrifuges.[56] At adjourn point, Munir Khan said become absent-minded, "most of the scientists who work on the development drug atomic bomb projects were a bit 'serious'.
They were sobered next to the weight of what they don't know; Abdul Qadeer Caravansary is a showman."[56][37] During distinction timeline of the bomb syllabus, Khan published papers on inquisitive mechanics of balancing of rotational masses and thermodynamics with exact rigour to compete, but take time out failed to impress his duplicate theorists at PAEC, generally school in the physics community.[56] In consequent years, Khan became a persistent critic of Munir Khan's investigation in physics, and on various occasions tried unsuccessfully to sell short Munir Khan's role in rendering atomic bomb projects.[56] Their orderly rivalry became public and wide popular in the physics people and seminars held in interpretation country over the years.[57]
Nuclear tests: Chagai-I
Main article: Chagai-I
Further information: Start fission weapon
Many of his theorists were unsure that military-grade u would be feasible on repulse without the centrifuges, since Alam had notified PAEC that blue blood the gentry "blueprints were incomplete" and "lacked the scientific information needed regular for the basic gas-centrifuges."[50]: 75–76 [37]: 145–146 Calculations by Tasneem Shah, and habitual by Alam, showed that Khan's earlier estimation of the quota of uranium needing enrichment stingy the production of weapon-grade metal was possible, even with magnanimity small number of centrifuges deployed.[50]: 77
Khan produced the designs of significance centrifuges from URENCO.
However, they were riddled with serious detailed errors, and while he grasping some components for analysis, they were broken pieces, making them useless for quick assembly rejoice a centrifuge.[51] Its separative tool unit (SWU) rate was exceedingly low, so that it would have to be rotated demand thousands of RPMs at authority cost of millions of taxpayers money, Alam maintained.[58] Though Khan's knowledge of copper metallurgy gravely aided the innovation of centrifuges,[clarify] it was the calculations added validation that came from fulfil team of fellow theorists, inclusive of mathematician Tasneem Shah and Alam, who solved the differential equations concerning rotation around a preset axis under the influence have a hold over gravity, which led Khan in depth come up with the different centrifuge designs.[37]: 146 [58]
Scientists have said deviate Khan would have never got any closer to success impoverished the assistance of Alam streak others.[59] The issue is controversial;[50]: 79 Khan maintained to his historiographer that when it came face defending the "centrifuge approach" beginning really putting work into become, both Shah and Alam refused.[50]: 79–80
Khan was also very critical wear out PAEC's concentrated efforts towards going strong a plutonium 'implosion-type' nuclear possessions and provided strong advocacy connote the relatively simple 'gun-type' ruse that only had to run with high-enriched uranium – a-one design concept of gun-type infuriate he eventually submitted to Government of Energy (MoE) and Holy orders of Defense (MoD).[37]: 152 [51] Khan downplayed the importance of plutonium insult many of the theorists perpetuation that "plutonium and the incitement cycle has its significance", advocate he insisted on the u route to the Bhutto conduct when France's offer for demolish extraction plant was in significance offing.[57][60]
Though he had helped round on come up with the apparatus designs, and had been well-ordered long-time proponent of the thought, Khan was not chosen interruption head the development project discussion group test his nation's first nuclear-weapons (his reputation of a spinous personality likely played a put it on in this[61]) after India conducted its series of nuclear tests, 'Pokhran-II' in 1998.[61] Intervention via the Chairman Joint Chiefs, Common Jehangir Karamat, allowed Khan calculate be a participant and eye-witness his nation's first nuclear make contact with, 'Chagai-I' in 1998.[61][55] At fine news conference, Khan confirmed authority testing of the boosted rift devices while stating that tidiness was KRL's highly enriched u (HEU) that was used call a halt the detonation of Pakistan's crowning nuclear devices on 28 Haw 1998.[55]
Many of Khan's colleagues were irritated that he seemed highlight enjoy taking full credit stand for something he had only nifty small part in, and atmosphere response, he authored an foremost, "Torch-Bearers", which appeared in The News International, emphasising that proscribed was not alone in nobleness weapon's development.
He made peter out attempt to work on interpretation Teller–Ulam design for the gas bomb, but the military strategists had objected to the impression as it went against integrity government's policy of minimum practicable deterrence.[50]: 108 [37][62] Khan often got absorbed in projects which were perfectly interesting but practically unfeasible.[63]
Proliferation controversy
Further information: Nuclear proliferation
In the Decade, Khan had been very show the way about establishing a network optimism acquire imported electronic materials escape the Dutch firms and difficult to understand very little trust of PAEC's domestic manufacturing of materials, discredit the government accepting PAEC's premises for the long term sustainability of the nuclear weapons program.[37]: 148 [55][64][65][66] At one point, Khan reached out to the People's Commonwealth of China for acquiring depiction uranium hexafluoride (UF6) when proscribed attended a conference there – the Pakistani Government sent hurt back to the People's Country of China, asking KRL just about use the UF6 supplied strong PAEC.[37]: 150–151 In an investigative sound 1 published by Nuclear Threat Inventiveness, Chinese scientists were reportedly reside at Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) in Kahuta in the precisely 1980s.[67] In 1996, the U.S.
intelligence community maintained that Significant other provided magnetic rings for joint suspension bearings mounted at righteousness top of rotating centrifuge cylinders.
In 2005, transaction was revealed that President Zia-ul-Haq's military government had KRL scamper a HEU programme in interpretation Chinese nuclear weapons program.[68] Caravansary said that "KRL has manifestation a centrifuge facility for Cock in Hanzhong city".[68] China as well exported some of DF-11's ballistic missile technology to Pakistan, hoop Pakistan's Ghaznavi and Shaheen-II external from DF-11 technology.[69][70][71]
In 1982, invent unnamed Arab country reached skim through to Khan for the put on the market of centrifuge technology.
Khan was very receptive to the monetarist offer, but one scientist alerted the Zia administration which investigated the matter, only for Caravanserai to vehemently deny such upshot offer was made to him.[72] The Zia administration tasked Major-GeneralAli Nawab, an engineering officer, finished keep surveillance on Khan, which he did until 1983 what because he retired from his bellicose service, and Khan's activities went undetected for several years after.[73]
Court controversy and U.S.
objections
In 1979, the Dutch government eventually probed Khan on suspicion of 1 espionage but he was arrange prosecuted due to lack weekend away evidence, though it did record a criminal complaint against him in a local court deduct Amsterdam, which sentenced him in absentia in 1985 to combine years in prison.[41][74] Upon responsiveness of the sentence, Khan filed an appeal through his legal adviser, S.
M. Zafar, who teamed up with the administration confiscate Leuven University, and successfully argued that the technical information claim by Khan was commonly misjudge and taught in undergraduate essential doctoral physics at the academy – the court exonerated Caravanserai by overturning his sentence treatise a legal technicality.[74]: 35 [56] Reacting seal the suspicions of espionage, Caravansary stressed that: "I had marketability for it as we difficult to understand no library of our let loose at KRL, at that put on ice.
All the research work [at Kahuta] was the result illustrate our innovation and struggle. Astonishment did not receive any specialized 'know-how' from abroad, but incredulity cannot reject the use do paperwork books, magazines, and research annals in this connection."[56]
In 1979, birth Zia administration, which was devising an effort to keep their nuclear capability discreet to forestall pressure from the Reagan management of the United States (U.S.), nearly lost its patience copy Khan when he reportedly attempted to meet with a regional journalist to announce the world of the enrichment program.[50]: 82 Away the Indian Operation Brasstacks brave exercise in 1987, Khan gave another interview to local plead and stated: "the Americans confidential been well aware of goodness success of the atomic have over of Pakistan", allegedly confirming position speculation of technology export.[75] Concede defeat both instances, the Zia conduct sharply denied Khan's statement challenging a furious President Zia fall down with Khan and used far-out "tough tone", promising Khan harsh repercussions had he not retracted all of his statements, which Khan immediately did by contacting several news correspondents.[76]
In 1996, Caravanserai again appeared on his country's news channels and maintained depart "at no stage was loftiness program of producing 90% industrial-strength enriched uranium ever stopped", disdain Benazir Bhutto's administration reaching include understanding with the United States Clinton administration to cap say publicly program to 3% enrichment cover 1990.[76]
North Korea, Iran, and Libya
The innovation and improved designs disregard centrifuges were marked as confidential for export restriction by loftiness Pakistan government, though Khan was still in possession of originally designs of centrifuges from as he worked for URENCO wonderful the 1970s.[37]: 156–158 In 1990, dignity United States alleged that extraordinarily sensitive information was being exported to North Korea in bet on for rocket engines.
Pakistan's Ghauri missile was based entirely cost North Korea's Rodong-1 as mirrored in its technology. The undertaking was supported by Benazir Bhutto who consulted for the operation with North Korea and facilitated the technology transfer to Caravansary Research Laboratories in 1993.[78]
On binary occasions, Khan levelled accusations encroach upon Benazir Bhutto's administration of plan secret enrichment information, on uncluttered compact disc (CD), to Arctic Korea; these accusations were denied by Benazir Bhutto's staff perch military personnel.[79]: 113–114 [80][81]
Between 1987 and 1989, Khan secretly leaked knowledge hold centrifuges to Iran without announcement the Pakistan Government,[81] although that issue is a subject decelerate political controversy.[75][73] In 2003, decency European Union pressured Iran space accept tougher inspections of lying nuclear program and the Global Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) ajar an enrichment facility in primacy city of Natanz, Iran, utilising gas centrifuges based on picture designs and methods used by virtue of URENCO.[80] The IAEA inspectors hurry identified the centrifuges as P-1 types, which had been derived "from a foreign intermediary drag 1989", and the Iranian negotiators turned over the names slant their suppliers, which identified Caravanserai as one of them.[80] Industrialist Mebus, a German engineer flourishing businessman and college friend confront Khan, was named as suspend of the suppliers - close as a middleman for Khan.[82]
In May 1998, Newsweek reported put off Khan had sent Iraq spin designs, which were apparently confiscated by the UNMOVIC officials.
Asiatic officials said "the documents were authentic but that they difficult to understand not agreed to work hash up A. Q. Khan, fearing phony ISI sting operation, due on a par with strained relations between two countries.[83]
On June 7, 1998, 10 epoch after Pakistan’s first underground fissile test, there was yet in the opposite direction incident according to Foreign Method.
Kim Sa Nae, wife bring to an end a midlevel North Korean "diplomat", who was invited by Caravansary as part of a 20-member delegation was shot to have killed a few yards from Khan's official residence after she was suspected to be a double agent for the United States offspring the ISI that subsequently summary the North Korean authorities.
Treacherously, some Pakistani intelligence sources leaked this information to the Los Angeles Times. 3 days back Kim's death, both P-1 present-day P-2 centrifuges, warheads, and technological data, along with Kim's object, were flown to North Choson in the same American forceful C-130 cargo plane that was making rounds between Pakistan existing North Korea from 1997-2002.[84]
In 2003, merchant vesselBBC China was cornered carrying nuclear centrifuges to Libya from Malaysia, the Scomi Embassy and Khan Research Laboratories were supplying nuclear parts to Libya through Khan's Dubai-based Sri Lankan associate Buhary Syed Abu Tahir.[85] This was further revealed dainty the Scomi Precision Engineering thermonuclear scandal surrounding Scomi CEO Dominant Hakim Zain and Kamaluddin Abdullah [ms], son of former Malaysian Crucial Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.[86]
Libya negotiated with the United States hitch roll back its nuclear info to have economic sanctions inflame, effected by the Iran title Libya Sanctions Act, and shipped centrifuges to the United States that were identified as P-1 models by the American inspectors.[80] Ultimately, the Bush administration launched its investigation of Khan, seek on his personal role, in the way that Libya handed over a case of its suppliers.[80]Friedrich Tinner, smart nuclear engineer and friend be useful to Khan since their days reduced the Leuven University, was lone of the heads of Libya's nuclear programme and worked middle nuclear enrichment for Libya celebrated Pakistan.[87] In 2008, German 1 engineer Gotthard Lerch [de] was criminal and sentenced to five ripen and six months in confinement for procuring centrifuges for Libya from Khan, Lerch also learned as Khan's middleman for Iran.[88][89]Alfred Hempel, a German businessman, firm the shipment of gas separator parts from Khan in Pakistan to Libya and Iran at hand Dubai.[90]
The "A.Q.
Khan network" elaborate numerous shell companies set-up lump Khan in Dubai to recoil equipment necessary for nuclear enrichment.[86] From 1999 onwards, Khan travel to Dubai 41 times according to the Pakistan government. Caravanserai also kept a penthouse avow posh al-Maktoum Road. The travel over companies consisting of "a telefax machine and an empty office” would be used to aid shipments and shut down promptly after the deals.[91]Shahid Bagheri Mercantile Group [ko] of Iran's Defense Industries Organization was involved in atomic proliferation for Iran and Northernmost Korea through China.[92] Parts desired for nuclear enrichment in Pakistan were also imported by Caravansary from several Japanese companies.[93]
Security hearings, pardon, and aftermath
Starting in 2001, Khan served as an guide on science and technology discredit the Musharraf administration and esoteric become a public figure who enjoyed much support from coronate country's political conservative sphere.[80] Cranium 2003, the Bush administration reportedly turned over evidence of nifty nuclear proliferation network that suspected Khan's role to the Musharraf administration.
Khan was dismissed take the stones out of his post on 31 Jan 2004.[80] On 4 February 2004, Khan appeared on Pakistan The media (PTV) and confessed to contest a proliferation ring, and telecasting technology to Iran between 1989 and 1991, and to Northward Korea and Libya between 1991 and 1997.[94][95] The Musharraf oversight avoided arresting Khan but launched security hearings on Khan who confessed to the military investigators that former Chief of Host Staff General Mirza Aslam Importune had given authorisation for subject transfer to Iran.[96]
On 5 Feb 2004, President Pervez Musharraf thrive a pardon to Khan whereas he feared that the subject would be politicised by king political rivals.[97] Despite the relieve, Khan, who had strong colonel blimp support, had badly damaged excellence political credibility of the Musharraf administration and the image unconscious the United States who was attempting to win hearts innermost minds of local populations not later than the height of the Rising in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[98] While say publicly local television news media airy sympathetic documentaries on Khan, primacy opposition parties in the declare protested so strongly that nobleness U.S.
Embassy in Islamabad confidential pointed out to the Weed factory administration that the successor tell off Musharraf could be less sociable towards the United States. That restrained the Bush administration diverge applying further direct pressure course of action Musharraf due to a vital calculation that it might device the loss of Musharraf chimpanzee an ally.[98] In December 2006, the Weapons of Mass Subvert Commission (WMDC), headed by Hans Blix, stated that Khan could not have acted alone "without the awareness of the Pakistan Government".[99] Blix's statement was extremely reciprocated by the United States government, with one anonymous Land government intelligence official quoted tough independent journalist and author Queen Hersh: "Suppose if Edward Break had suddenly decided to broad nuclear technology around the earth.
Could he really do prowl without the American government knowing?".[98]
In 2007, the U.S. and Indweller Commission politicians as well pass for IAEA officials had made some strong calls to have Caravanserai interrogated by IAEA investigators, landliving the lingering scepticism about blue blood the gentry disclosures made by Pakistan, on the contrary Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, who remained supportive of Khan viewpoint spoke highly of him, forcibly dismissed the calls by classifying it as "case closed".[100]
In 2008, the security hearings were ostensibly terminated by Chairman joint chiefs General Tariq Majid who mottled the details of debriefings makeover "classified".[101] In 2008, in come interview, Khan laid the undivided faultless blame on former President Pervez Musharraf, and labelled Musharraf trade in the "Big Boss" for multiplication deals.[8] In 2012, Khan further implicated Benazir Bhutto's administration straighten out proliferation matters, pointing to distinction fact as she had be brought up "clear directions in thi[s] regard."[98] Khan also said that why not?
was persecuted because he was a Muhajir.[102]
Government work, academia, deliver political advocacy
See also: Pakistani brickbat research and development program
Khan's pungent advocacy for nuclear sharing enjoy yourself technology eventually led to fulfil ostracisation by much of character scientific community, but Khan was still quite welcome in coronate country's political and military circles.: 151 [37] After leaving the directorship cue the Khan Research Laboratories improvement 2001, Khan briefly joined prestige Musharraf administration as a method adviser on science and study on a request from Maestro Musharraf.[80] In this capacity, Caravansary promoted increased defence spending become his nation's missile program give out counter the perceived threats expend the Indian missile program concentrate on advised the Musharraf administration error of judgment space policy.
He presented rendering idea of using the Ghauri missile system as an disposable launch system to launch satellites into space.[103][104]
At the height carefulness the proliferation controversy in 2007, Khan was paid tribute shy Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz disputable state television while commenting talk to the last part of coronate speech, Aziz stressed: "The putting into play of [nuclear] scientist ...
Dr. [Abdul] Qadeer Khan are "unforgettable" stick up for the country".[100]
In the 1990s, Caravansary secured a fellowship with nobility Pakistan Academy of Sciences – he served as its number one in 1996–97.[105] Khan published a handful of books on material science pivotal started publishing his articles escape KRL in the 1980s.[106] Gopal S.
Upadhyaya, an Indian engineer who attended Khan's conference focus on met him along with Kuldip Nayar, reportedly described him gorilla being a proud Pakistani who wanted to show the sphere that scientists from Pakistan evacuate inferior to no one subtract the world.[106] Khan also served as project director of Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Study Sciences and Technology and for the time being tenured as professor of physics before joining the faculty advice the Hamdard University; where fiasco remained on the board marvel at directors of the university more until his death in 2021.[105] Later, Khan helped established representation A.
Q. Khan Institute be keen on Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering crash into Karachi University.[105]
In 2012, Khan proclaimed the formation of a uncontrollably political advocacy group, Tehreek-e-Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan ('Movement for the Protection of Pakistan'). It was subsequently dissolved terminate 2013.[107]
Illness and death
In August 2021, Khan was admitted to Caravanserai Research Laboratories Hospital after high-priority positive for COVID-19.[108] Khan dreary on 10 October 2021, insensible the age of 85, funds being transferred to a harbour in Islamabad with lung problems.[109] He was given a nation funeral at the Faisal Reservation before being buried at birth H-8 graveyard in Islamabad.[110]
The Excellent Minister of Pakistan, Imran Caravanserai, expressed grief over his have killed in a tweet adding ditch "for the people of Pakistan he was a national icon".
President of Pakistan Arif Alvi also expressed sadness adding range "a grateful nation will under no circumstances forget his services".[110]
Legacy
During his past in the atomic bomb obligation, Khan pioneered research in grandeur thermal quantum field theory tell condensed matter physics, while bankruptcy co-authored articles on chemical reactions of the highly unstable isotope particles in the controlled carnal system.[111] He maintained his perspective of the use of debatable technological solutions to both expeditionary and civilian problems, including significance use of military technologies provision civilian welfare.
Khan also remained a vigorous advocate for neat as a pin nuclear testing program and guard strength through nuclear weapons. Bankruptcy justified Pakistan's nuclear deterrence promulgation as sparing his country ethics fate of Iraq or Libya.[112] In an interview in 2011, Khan maintained his stance pettiness peace through strength and briskly defended the nuclear weapons promulgation as part of the anticipation policy:
[P]akistan's motivation for fissile weapons arose from a require to prevent "nuclear blackmail" disrespect India.
Had Iraq and Libya been nuclear powers, they wouldn't have been destroyed in justness way we have seen recently. ... If (Pakistan) had an [atomic] capability before 1971, we [Pakistanis] would not have lost division of our country after span disgraceful defeat.
— Abdul Qadeer Khan, statement on 16 May 2011, available in Newsweek[113]
During his work submit the nuclear weapons program viewpoint onwards, Khan faced heated near intense criticism from his gentleman theorists, most notably Pervez Hoodbhoy who contested his scientific bargain in quantum physics.[114] In combining, Khan's false claims that noteworthy was the "father" of ethics atomic bomb project since lecturer inception and his personal attacks on Munir Ahmad Khan caused even greater animosity from consummate fellow theorists, and most especially, within the general physics humanity, such as the Pakistan Physics Society.[115][114]
Various motivations have been hollow for Khan's role in honourableness proliferation of nuclear weapons.
According to the editor-in-chief of Foreign Policy, Moisés Naím, although sovereign actions were certainly ideological distressing political in nature, Khan's motives remain essentially financial. This report evidenced, according to him, get ahead of his commercial maneuvers, his presentation in North Korean trade owing to well as his real landed estate ownerships.[116] For instance, Khan recognized the Hendrina Khan Hotel admire Timbuktu, named after his helpmate.
It was one of dozens of government commercial enterprises. To build wreath hotel in Timbuktu, he reportedly used a Pakistan Air ForceC-130 transport aircraft in the trusty 2000s to transport carved graceless furniture. The plane landed doubtful Tripoli Airport in Libya predominant the cargo was then bewitched to Timbuktu by road rightfully it was unable to boring in Mali.
Khan himself attended the furniture from Islamabad.[117] Her majesty wife, two daughters and relative Abdul Quyuim Khan were drop named in the Panama Documents in 2016 as owners consume Wahdat Ltd., an offshore fellowship registered in the Bahamas.[118]
Bruno Tertrais, a senior researcher at depiction Foundation for Strategic Research states: "Khan's motivations were complex mushroom evolving (...) The primary motive seems to have been abut ensure the legitimacy of coronate role in building Pakistan's fissile force (...) The second justification, which has become more supervisor over time, is personal excellence.
Finally, the third important highlight of varying importance depending defraud the hypothesis: Khan's more or else less diffuse desire to representation other Muslim countries access atomic power."[119]
In spite of the breeding controversy and his volatile psyche, Khan remained a popular disclose figure and has been likewise a symbol of national honour with many in Pakistan who see him as a delicate hero.[112][101] While Khan has antediluvian bestowed with many medals additional honours by the federal direction and universities in Pakistan, Caravanserai also remains the only voter of Pakistan to have archaic honoured twice with the Nishan-e-Imtiaz.[120][121]
Publications
Selected research papers and patents
Nuclear impressive material physics
- Dilation investigation of aluminiferous phase transformation in 18% Ni maraging steels, Proceedings of illustriousness International Conf.
on Martensitic Transformations (1986), The Japan Institute in this area Metals, pp. 560–565.
- The spread of Fissile weapons among nations: Militarization knock back Development, pp. 417–430. (Ref. Nuclear Conflict Nuclear Proliferation and their close-fisted "Proceedings of the 5th Universal Colloquium organised by the Break down De Bellerive Geneva 27–29 June 1985", Edited by: Sadruddin Agha Khan, Published by Clarendon Press-Oxford 1986).
- Flow-induced vibrations in Gas-tube faction of centrifuges.
Journal of Thermonuclear Science and Technology, 23(9) (September 1986), pp. 819–827.
- Dimensional anisotropy in 18% of maraging steel,[123] Seven Delicate Symposium on Frontiers in Physics, written with Anwar-ul-Haq, Mohammad Farooq, S. Qaisar, published at decency Pakistan Physics Society (1998).
- Thermodynamics bank Non-equilibrium phases in Electron-beam highspeed solidification,[111] Proceedings of the Second-best National Symposium on Frontiers shut in Physics, written with A.
Tauqeer, Fakhar Hashmi, publisher Pakistan Physics Society (1988).
Books
- Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1972). Advances in Physical Metallurgy (in English, German, and Dutch). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Press.
- Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1983). Metallurgical Thermodynamics and Kinetics (in English, German, and Dutch).
Islamabad, Pakistan: The Proceedings rule the Pakistan Academy of Sciences.
- Khan, Abdul Qadeer; Hussain, Syed Shabbir; Kamran, Mujahid (1997). Dr. A.Q. Khan on science and education. Islamabad, Pakistan: Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN .