Frank field mp biography for kids

Frank Field, Baron Field of Birkenhead

British politician (1942–2024)

Frank Ernest Field, Power Field of Birkenhead, CH, PC, DL (16 July 1942 – 23 Apr 2024) was a British legislator who served as Member endorse Parliament (MP) for Birkenhead bring about 40 years, from 1979 endorse 2019, serving as a Toil MP until 2018 and later sitting as an independent.

Doubtful 2019, he formed the Birkenhead Social Justice Party and ordinary unsuccessfully as its sole aspirant in the 2019 election. Abaft leaving the House of Lea, he was awarded a selfpossessed peerage in 2020 and sat in the House of Upper class dignity as a crossbencher.

From 1997 to 1998, Field served bit Minister of Welfare Reform arrangement Tony Blair's first government.

A lot resigned following differences with Blair; as a backbencher, he in a minute became one of the Travail government's most vocal critics.

Field was elected chair of primacy Work and Pensions Select Chamber in 2015, and was re-elected unopposed following the 2017 public election.

In 2018, Field persistent the Labour whip citing antisemitism in the party, as spasm as a "culture of fanaticism, nastiness and intimidation" in calibre of the party, including simple his own constituency.[2] Field absent a confidence vote in enthrone constituency party a month formerly his resignation, after siding extinct the government in Brexit votes.

His resignation of the thrash also led to his exit from the wider membership defer to the Labour Party, according persevere with the National Executive Committee pay the Labour Party, although Wing disputed this.[3]

Early life

Field was original in Edmonton, Middlesex, on 16 July 1942, the second grip three sons.

His father was a labourer at the Financier Crucible Company's factory in Battersea and his mother a foremost school welfare worker at Belmont Primary School in Chiswick. Government parents were Conservatives "who estimated in character and pulling being up by one's own bootstraps".[4]

Field was educated at St Lenient Danes Grammar School, at dump time in Hammersmith, before readiness Economics at the University commandeer Hull.

In his youth no problem was a member of position Conservative Party, but left recovered 1960 because of his applicant to apartheid in South Africa[5][6] and joined the Labour Party.[7] In 1964, he became elegant further education teacher in Southwark and Hammersmith.[8]

Field served as splendid Labour councillor for Turnham Grassy on Hounslow London Borough Convention from 1964 until 1968, while in the manner tha he lost his seat.[8][9] Powder was Director of the Youngster Poverty Action Group from 1969 to 1979, employing Virginia Bottomley (now Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone) on long-term research into revenues and expenditure for families stygian the poverty line, and loftiness Low Pay Unit from 1974 to 1980.[10]

Political career

Field unsuccessfully open to debate the constituency of South Buckinghamshire at the 1966 general referendum, where he was defeated provoke the sitting Conservative MP Ronald Bell.[11] He was selected delay contest the safe Labour sofa of Birkenhead at the 1979 general election on the loneliness of the sitting MP Edmund Dell.

Field held the location with a majority of 5,909 and remained the constituency's Perishing until November 2019.[12]

In Parliament, Arm was made a member warrant the Opposition frontbench by rank Labour leader Michael Foot whereas a spokesman on Education observe 1980, but was dropped unembellished year later. Following the post 2 of Neil Kinnock as rank Labour leader in 1983, Policy was appointed as a advocate on Health and Social Reassurance for a year.

He was appointed the chairman of significance Social Services Select Committee invite 1987, becoming the chairman locate the new Social Security Appropriate Committee in 1990, a disagreement he held until the 1997 election.[13]

Two nights before the Right leadership election in November 1990, he visited Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher at 10 Downing Classification.

He advised her that drop time as prime minister was drawing to a close come first that she should back Closet Major to take over high-mindedness role. His reason for observation so was that he mat her Conservative colleagues would howl tell her straight that she could not win a supervision contest. Following this meeting, misstep was smuggled out of Landscapist Street's back door.

Two generation later Thatcher supported John Greater for the post and Higher ranking became prime minister.[14]

Minister for Profit Reform

Following the 1997 election, ordain Labour now in power, Topic joined the government led be oblivious to Tony Blair as its Way for Welfare Reform, working serve the Department of Social Preservation (DSS).

Blair has said Field's mission was to "think authority unthinkable".

Field thought that goodness state should play only a-one small direct role in primacy provision of welfare and misstep disliked means-testing and non-contributory due to benefits, which he alleged should only be received make something stand out claimants had joined Continental-style collective insurance schemes or mutual organisations such as friendly societies.

Nearly were clashes with the Head of government of the Exchequer, Gordon Browned, and the Secretary of Conditions for Social Security, Harriet Harman – the Treasury was attention about costs, while Brown living soul was in favour of rectitude poor being entitled to working-age benefits without having first paying National Insurance contributions, later ancestral as the Working Families Grim Credit.[15] According to The Guardian, Field resigned his ministerial present in July 1998 rather go one better than accept a move away depart from the DSS as part give evidence a wider reshuffle; the newsprint suggested at the time walk Blair had been "disappointed" insensitive to Field's ideas for welfare reform.[16]Harriet Harman also returned to say publicly backbenches.

In his autobiography, Statesman wrote about Field:

Nobleness problem was not so unnecessary that his thoughts were inconceivable as unfathomable.[17]

The following year, Landscaper Street briefed the press stray "harsh and authoritarian" measures were in store for welfare recipients[18] and plans were made test abolish the DSS.

At picture end of Blair's second outline of office, the BBC reviewed his record on welfare transfer up to that point:

Thinking the unthinkable on loftiness welfare state has been memory of the New Labour mantras since before the party was elected in 1997. So prosperous has been a disappointment [...] that, eight years later, excellence thinking has still to sign up any concrete results.[19]

The welfare modify most closely associated with Solon was not introduced for uncomplicated further three years: the double of Incapacity Benefit (IB) dampen Employment and Support Allowance (ESA).[19] The think-tank Reform, on whose advisory board Field used designate sit, said in its 2016 report on changes to out-of-work sickness benefits that ESA difficult to understand "replicated many of the stress of IB" and had hence "failed to achieve its objective".[20]

Return to the backbenches

After leaving episcopal office, Field continued with duties as an MP stall joined the Ecclesiastical and integrity Public Accounts Select Committees overfull the House of Commons.

From the backbenches, he was well-organized vocal critic of the direction, criticising in 1999 the unusual Working Families Tax Credit by the same token an approach which could fret survive in the long term,[21] and voting against foundation hospitals in November 2003. In Could 2008, he was a best critic of the abolition strip off the 10p tax rate[22] professor this led to Field reading Prime Minister Gordon Brown although "unhappy inside his own body".[23] He later apologised in senate for the personal attack.[24] Coerce June 2008, Field joined calls for the establishment of smart devolved parliament for England.[25]

On 8 June 2009, Field wrote bring his blog that he held that the Labour Party would not win the next selection with Gordon Brown as head of state.

On 6 January 2010, Inclusion was one of the erratic Labour MPs to back Geoff Hoon and Patricia Hewitt's calls for a secret ballot boss the Parliamentary Labour Party pile on the leadership of Gordon Brownness. The ballot could have wounded to a leadership contest.[26]

In Haw 2009, Field announced his candidacy for Speaker of the Manor of Commons, but later withdrew his candidature, citing lack jump at support from within his take pains party.[27]John Bercow was elected despite the fact that the new Speaker.

In grandeur 2010 general election Field booked his Birkenhead seat with wholesome increased majority. In June 2010 he was appointed by King Cameron's coalition government to intellect an independent review into poverty,[28] which proposed adopting a latest measure centred around life-chance equal and increasing funding for steady years education.[29][30][31] In an question period in September 2012, Field estimated the government to have unnoticed his report, saying "nothing difficult been done about it" brook that it was "very disappointing".[32]

In October 2013, along with Laura Sandys, Field established the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Desire and Food Poverty, which stylishness went on to chair.

No problem also chaired a parliamentary question into hunger commissioned by rank APPG which reported in Dec 2014.[33][34] Field became the throne of trustees of Feeding Kingdom, a charitable organisation set finale in October 2015 to take up the recommendations made by rendering APPG.[35]

Following the 2015 general option, it was announced in June 2015 that he had archaic elected to the chairmanship unravel the Work and Pensions Show a preference for Committee.[36] He was re-elected without opposition to the role following representation 2017 general election.[37]

Field nominated Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate magnify the Labour leadership election comment 2015,[38] stating that while subside did not think Corbyn could win a general election, loosen up hoped his candidature would working the party to confront sheltered 'deficit denial'.[39]

In June 2016, Turn wrote in The Guardian range he supported Brexit, emphasising rank need to control immigration concession to it creating excessive emphasis on public services, roads roost housing stock.

He argued greatness EU model suited big businesses who wanted cheap labour, limit supported agricultural interests creating buoy up prices for food, rather top families.[40] The Liverpool Echo widely known that Field was "a long-time Brexiteer".[41]

In December 2017, during dialect trig debate on Universal Credit, Green described the impact that Ubiquitous Credit changes had had take upon yourself his constituents.

His observations mannered Work and Pensions Select Chamber member Heidi Allen to sigh. Field spoke of how noteworthy had talked a man dole out of suicide and how incontestable claimant felt "lucky" his kindred was invited to eat refreshment leftovers from a funeral.[42]

Resignation assert the Labour whip

On 17 July 2018, a vote was kept on a rebel amendment authorization a trade bill, which recognized to force the British authority to join a customs uniting with the EU in description event of a no-deal Brexit.

Field, Kate Hoey, John Writer and Graham Stringer were dignity only Labour MPs to object the amendment, which was mislaid by 307 votes to 301.[41][43] Field lost a confidence show of hands in his constituency, after sidetrack with the government in these Brexit votes.[44] On 30 Esteemed 2018, Field resigned the Profession whip because, he said, Laboriousness was "increasingly seen as cool racist party" and due show the "culture of intolerance, bitchiness and intimidation" in parts racket the party, including his form constituency.

Some commentators suggested become absent-minded he had "jumped before good taste was pushed".[45][46]

Field described himself introduce an "independent Labour MP".[47][48][49] Stop in full flow September 2018, he said be active would not trigger a bye-election and would remain an MP.[50] On 2 August 2019, misstep announced that he was assembly a new party, the Birkenhead Social Justice Party.

Field systematic for Prime Minister Theresa May's Brexit deal in the "meaningful vote" on 15 January 2019, which May lost.[51] Subsequently, Ideology voted for the Conservative Party-supported Brady amendment calling on say publicly Government to renegotiate the Septrional Ireland backstop part of rendering deal and abstained on significance Labour party-supported Cooper-Boles amendment correspond with prevent a no-deal Brexit.[52]

Birkenhead General Justice Party

In August 2019, Environment stated that he would cultivate in the next general free will as a candidate for a-okay newly-formed Birkenhead Social Justice Party.[53][54] The party stated that arrest would stand on a common justice, localist and pro-Brexit platform.[55]

In the December 2019 general referendum, he was beaten by authority Labour Party candidate Mick Whitley, who polled 24,990 votes, compared to Field's 7,285, a awardwinning margin of 17,705 votes.[56] Integrity Party was de-registered with honourableness Electoral Commission on 17 Feb 2020.[57]

Awards and honours

Field was earthling in as a member fine the Privy Council in 1997.

This gave him the honorific prefix "The Right Honourable" deed, after ennoblement, the post in name only letters "PC" for life.

He was appointed as a reserve lieutenant for the county use your indicators Merseyside in October 2011.[58] Draw on the age of 75 grace was moved to the leave list.[59] This gave him representation Post Nominal Letters "DL" unpolluted Life.

In March 2015, Wing was awarded the Grassroot Envoy initiative honour for the co-founding of environmental organisation Cool Trick, a charity that works jump indigenous villages to halt forest destruction as a bottom-up explication to an ageing problem.[60]

Field was awarded an honorary fellowship provoke Liverpool John Moores University grab hold of 12 July 2016.[61][62]

In 2017, take action was awarded the Langton Bestow for Community Service by say publicly Archbishop of Canterbury "for continued and outstanding commitment to collective welfare".[63] Field was nominated add to a life peerage in rendering 2019 Dissolution Honours.[64] He was created Baron Field of Birkenhead, of Birkenhead in the Region of Merseyside, on 11 Sept 2020.[65]

Field was appointed Member bargain the Order of the Attendants of Honour (CH) in excellence 2022 New Year Honours unjustifiable political and public service.[66] Land was awarded the freedom run through the Borough of Wirral interest 16 February 2022.[67][68][69] He was also a Companion of high-mindedness Guild of St George.

Personal beliefs

Field had a reputation attach importance to being an intellectual, a free-thinker and a maverick in dignity Parliamentary Labour Party. Inspired fail to see his Christianity, he took unmixed socially conservative stance on indefinite issues particularly on the consanguinity, antisocial behaviour, immigration and interest reform.

He also embraced calls for an English Parliament celebrated called for a renegotiation show consideration for Britain's relationship with European Wholeness accord, including changes to free conveyance of labour.[70] He voted in behalf of gay marriage and in willingness of other gay rights governing since 1997.

He was calligraphic member of the advisory be directed at of Reform and of class generally conservative but also "broad church" magazine Standpoint. In Haw 2008, he said that Margaret Thatcher "is certainly a hero" and that "I still watch Mrs T from time goslow time – I always telephone call her 'Mrs T', when Beside oneself talk to her".[22] He supposed Thatcher as a friend settle down believed in her self-help put up for sale philosophy.[71]

In 1999, based on belief that Britain should put your hands on a sustainable non-political way have knowledge of fund retirement, Field helped locate up the Pension Reform Order, which promotes the Universal Reclusive Pension as the best pitch to reform pensions.[72]

Although there were attempts to get him embark on defect to the Conservatives, they were without success.[73] In 2008, Field was named as righteousness 100th-most-influential right-winger in the Combined Kingdom by The Daily Telegraph.[73] Field supported the return jump at national service to tackle thriving unemployment and instil "a passivity of order and patriotism" layer Britain's young men and women.[74] In May 2010, Field certified Ed Miliband to become emperor of the Labour Party get entangled replace Gordon Brown.

Field alleged strongly in fighting climate change.[75] He co-founded the charity Chilled Earth with Johan Eliasch. Forward Earth protects endangered rainforest stream works with the local communities to combat climate change.[76] Policy was the instigator of birth idea of a global Body politic network of protected forests, even if he failed to raise federal interest for a number regard years; according to Field, just as Queen Elizabeth II was oral about the idea, she slender it enthusiastically, and the talent hoard was launched as The Queen's Commonwealth Canopy in 2015.[77]

In 2010 he chaired the Liverpool Knowhow Region Poverty and Life Edge Commission to create a virgin strategy for the Government next abolish child poverty.[78]

Field believed change into reducing the time-limit within which women can have an abortion,[79] and in stripping abortion providers such as Marie Stopes taste their counselling role and allotment it to organisations not connected to abortion clinics.[80][81] With high-mindedness Conservative MP Nadine Dorries, blooper was vocal in two furtive attempts to legislate for much a reform in Parliament.[82] Recognized was a prominent Eurosceptic clandestine the Labour Party and asserted on 20 February 2016 think it over he would campaign to forsake the EU.[83] In January 2019, the supporters page of picture Labour Leave website listed one and only two MPs, Labour's Kate Hoey and Field.[84]

Personal life

Field was almighty active member of the Sanctuary of England, a former head of the Churches Conservation Look forward to and a member of nobleness Church of England General Synod.[85] In 1983, while a adherent of General Synod, Frank responded to the plight of skilful number of divorced clergy wives and helped them found Domesticated Rites, a self help activity that supports separated and divorced clergy spouses and civil partners and also lobbies for nonaligned treatment for them.

[www.brokenrites.org] Field's political and religious views were most clearly expressed in coronate book Neighbours From Hell to what place he discusses what might succeed the "largely beneficial effect" regard evangelical Christianity.[86] Between 2005 other 2015, Field was chairman be required of the Cathedral Fabrics Commission be a symbol of England – the national item that controls the care, upkeep and repair or development authentication cathedrals.[87] In 2007 he was ordained chairman of the 2011 Sopping James Bible Trust, which was established to celebrate the Cd anniversary of the King Book Bible.[88]

Field was also a Evil President of the National Churches Trust.[89]

In a 2006 article pound The Observer, the critic Gambol Rayner noted that Field's immaculate status had led him swing by describe himself as "incomplete" on the other hand that those in his communal circle suggested he enjoyed "a full life outside politics".[5] Running away 1979 he lived in great postwar block half a mil from the House of Commons.[71] In February 2023, his volume Politics, Poverty and Belief was published, co-written with Brian Griffiths, Thatcher's former chief policy guide, and Rachel Griffiths.[71][90]

Illness and death

Field was admitted to hospital abaft collapsing during a meeting get March 2015.[91][92]

On 22 October 2021, Field announced that he was terminally ill and had prostrate time in a hospice.[93]Baroness Meacher read out a statement escape him in the House custom Lords during a debate upholding the Assisted Dying Bill, which he supported.[94]

In a January 2023 interview with The Guardian, Meadow revealed he had been affliction from prostate cancer for substitute for years and it had all-embracing to his jaw.

He remarked: "It's a strange experience deputation so long to die."[95]

Field sound at a care home inlet London, on 23 April 2024, at the age of 81.[54][96]

Publications

  • Twentieth Century State Education: Readings supporter General Studies by Frank Topic and Patricia Haikin, 1971, Town University Press, ISBN 0-19-913006-X
  • Black Britons: Readings for General Studies by Share your feelings Field and Patricia Haikin, 1971, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-913007-8
  • One Nation: The Conservatives Record since 1970 by Frank Field, 1972, Youngster Poverty Action Group, ISBN B0000E9CMI
  • Abuse and the Abused by Regulate Field, 1972, Child Poverty Contingency Group, ISBN 0-9500051-3-4
  • Low Pay by Sincere Field, 1973, Arrow Books, ISBN 0-09-908240-3
  • Incomes Policy for Families by Free Field, Child Poverty Action Crowd, ISBN 0-903963-07-8
  • Unequal Britain by Frank Turn, 1974, Arrow Books, ISBN 0-09-909820-2
  • Housing limit Poverty by Frank Field, 1974, Catholic Housing Aid Society, ISBN 0-903113-07-4
  • Poor Families and Inflation by Archangel Brown and Frank Field, 1974, Child Poverty Action Group, ISBN 0-903963-12-4
  • The Stigma of Free School Meals: Welfare in Action by Nude Field, 1974, Child Poverty Marker Group, ISBN 0-903963-23-X
  • Low Wages Councils newborn Frank Field and Steve Winyard, 1975, Spokesman Books, ISBN 0-85124-118-2
  • Social Piece of meat for Families: Memorandum to righteousness Chancellor of the Exchequer wishy-washy Frank Field and Peter Reformist, 1975, Child Poverty Action Working group, ISBN 0-903963-21-3
  • Unemployment: The Facts by Candid Field, 1975, Child Poverty Charisma Group, ISBN 0-903963-22-1
  • Poverty: The Facts shy Frank Field, 1975, Child Insufficiency Action Group, ISBN 0-903963-24-8
  • Back to rendering Thirties for the Poor?: Copperplate Report on the Living Encode of the Poor in 1975 by Frank Field, 1975, Baby Poverty Action Group, ISBN 0-903963-27-2
  • Education attend to the Urban Crisis Edited in and out of Frank Field, 1976, Routledge, ISBN 0-7100-8536-2
  • To Him who Hath by Not beat about the bush Field, 1976, Penguin Books Ltd, ISBN 0-14-021976-5
  • The new Corporate Interest encourage Frank Field, 1976, Child Dearth Action Group, ISBN 0-903963-28-0
  • Conscript Army: Memorize of Britain's Unemployed by Free Field, 1977, Routledge, ISBN 0-7100-8779-9
  • Are Accept Wages Inevitable? by Frank Enclosed space, 1977, Spokesman Books, ISBN 0-85124-165-4
  • Wasted Labour: Call for Action on Unemployment by Frank Field, 1978, Baby Poverty Action Group, ISBN 0-903963-58-2
  • Rising Undertow course of Poverty: A Challenge take care of Political Parties by Frank Grassland, 1978, Low Pay Unit, ISBN B0000EDRIP
  • The Wealth Report by Unclothed Field, 1979, Routledge, ISBN 0-7100-0164-9
  • Fair Shares for Families: Need for calligraphic Family Impact Statement by Uninhibited Field, 1980, Study Commission handle the Family, ISBN 0-907051-02-2
  • Inequality in Britain: Freedom, Welfare and the State by Frank Field, 1981, Fontana, ISBN 0-00-635759-8
  • Poverty and Politics by Free Field, 1982, Heinemann Education, ISBN 0-435-82306-X
  • The Wealth Report 2 by Naked Field, 1983, Routledge, ISBN 0-7100-9452-3
  • Policies Combat Low Pay by Frank Specialty, 1984, Policy Studies Institute
  • The Lowest point Wage by Frank Field, 1984, Ashgate, ISBN 0-435-83300-6
  • What Price a Child?: A Historical Review of primacy Relative Costs of Dependants gross Frank Field, 1985, Policy Studies Institute, ISBN 0-85374-251-0
  • Freedom and Wealth plentiful a Socialist Future by Manage Field, 1987, Constable, ISBN 0-09-467380-2
  • The Machination of Paradise: A Christian Manner of speaking to the Kingdom by Regulate Field, 1987, Fount, ISBN 0-00-627114-6
  • Losing Out: Emergence of Britain's Underclass gross Frank Field, 1989, Blackwell Publishers, ISBN 0-631-17149-5
  • An Agenda for Britain vulgar Frank Field, 1993, Harper Author, ISBN 0-00-638226-6
  • Making Sense of Pensions newborn Matthew Owen and Frank Specialism, 1993, Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-0557-7
  • Private Pensions for All by Frank Offshoot and Matthew Owen, 1993, Fabulous Society, ISBN 0-7163-3016-4
  • Europe Isn't Working offspring Frank Field, 1994, Institute decompose Community Studies, ISBN 0-9523355-0-6
  • Beyond Punishment gross Frank Field and Matthew Reformist, 1994, Institute of Community Studies
  • National Pensions Savings Plan by Make yourself be heard Field and Matthew Owen, 1994, Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-4018-6
  • Making Welfare Work: Reconstructing Welfare for the Millennium by Frank Field, 1995, of Community Studies, ISBN 0-9523355-2-2
  • The Computation of Poverty and Low Means at the Millennium by Not beat about the bush Field, 1995, Manchester Statistical Refrain singers, ISBN 0-85336-130-4
  • Who Gets What, How ground for How Long? by Regulate Field and Paul Gregg, Socialist Society, ISBN 0-7163-4021-6
  • How to Pay sustenance the Future by Frank A great deal, 1996
  • The Operation of the Babe Support Agency by Frank Sphere, 1996, The Stationery Office Books, ISBN 0-10-207596-4
  • Reflections of Welfare (Discussion Paper) by Frank Field, 1998, Honourableness Social Market Foundation, ISBN 1-874097-32-1
  • Stakeholder Welfare by Frank Field, Alan Religious, Pete Alcock, David G.

    Naive, Melanie Phillips, 2000, Civitas ISBN 1-903386-93-4

  • The State of Dependency: Welfare Out of the sun Labour by Frank Field, 2000, The Social Market Foundation, ISBN 1-874097-52-6
  • Capitalism, Morality and Markets by Brian Griffiths, Robert A Siciro, Frenchman Berry and Frank Field, 2001, Institute of Economic Affairs ISBN 0-255-36496-2
  • William Temple: A Calling to Prophecy by Stephen Spencer and prelude by Frank Field, 2001, The upper crust for Promoting Christian Knowledge, ISBN 0-281-05437-1
  • Debating Pensions: Self-Interest, Citizenship and justness Common Good by Frank Meadow and Alan Deacon, 2002, Civitas ISBN 1-903386-24-1
  • Welfare Titans by Frank Specialization, 2002, Civitas, ISBN 1-903386-20-9
  • Neighbours from Hell: The Politics of Behaviour emergency Frank Field, 2003, Politico's Manifesto, ISBN 1-84275-078-X
  • Working Welfare: Contributory Benefits, representation Moral Economy and the Another Politics by Frank Field, 2013, Politeia, ISBN 978-09926340-1-8

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    The Independent. London. 18 May 2008. Archived from representation original on 20 May 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2008.

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    BBC News. 6 January 2010. Archived from the original establish 25 April 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2010.

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    "Frank Field to lead isolated review into poverty in Britain". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived be bereaved the original on 3 Apr 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.

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    New Statesman. 15 June 2015. Archived from the uptotheminute on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.

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