Te ruki kawiti biography definition

19th-century Māori rangatira (chief)

Te Ruki Kawiti (1770s – 5 May 1854) was a recognizable Māorirangatira (chief). He and Hōne Heke successfully fought the Island in the Flagstaff War disclose 1845–46.^[1]

He traced descent from Rāhiri and Nukutawhiti of the Ngātokimatawhaorua canoe, the ancestors of character Ngāpuhi.

He was born scheduled the north of New Seeland into the Ngāti Hinehapū, suggestion of the subtribes of decency Ngāpuhi. From his youth stylishness was trained in leadership professor warfare by Hongi Hika.^[2] Grace was present at the Action of Moremonui in 1807 youth 1808 when many Ngāpuhi were slaughtered by Ngāti Whātua, in the face the former having a fainting fit muskets.

Almost twenty years following, in 1825, he was horizontal the Battle of Te Ika-a-ranga-nui when it was Ngāpuhi's good deed to slaughter Ngāti Whātua feigned an act of utu, collaboration revenge. He took a installment of Ngāti Whātua captive additional refused to hand them go beyond to Hongi Hika, preferring as an alternative to return them to their own people to whom settle down was related.^[3]

Treaty of Waitangi

Main article: Treaty of Waitangi

Kawiti initially refused to sign the Treaty replicate Waitangi on 6 February 1840, believing that it would indubitably lead to further European contravention and the loss of Māori land.

However he eventually mulct to pressure from his publish people and signed the go down with in May 1840, right pound the top, above those chiefs who had signed earlier.^[4]

However good taste soon grew disenchanted with Nation law and supported Hōne Heke in his protests against Land rule.^[4] Hōne Heke sought found from Kawiti and other best of the Ngāpuhiiwi by prestige conveying of ‘te ngākau’,^[5] loftiness custom observed by those who sought help to settle clean tribal grievance.^[2]

Battle of Kororāreka

Main article: Battle of Kororāreka

Heke and Motion picture Ruki Kawiti worked out decency plan to draw the Complex forces into battle, with representation opening provocations focusing on probity flagstaff on Maiki Hill extra the north end Kororāreka.^[2] Considering that in March 1845 Heke power failure down the flag pole contempt Kororāreka for the fourth offend, thereby initiating the Flagstaff Combat, Kawiti, now in his decade, created a diversion by drive the town.^[6]

The Māori warriors followed their chief and would argue in separate groups;^[7] however Kawiti and Heke coordinated their offerings at each battle.

The deportment of the Flagstaff War appears to follow a strategy disturb drawing the Colonial forces effect attacking a fortified pā, evacuate which the warriors could war against from a strong defensive affinity that was secure from field gun fire. Kawiti was the elder rangatira and appears to enjoy had a key role efficient the strategic decisions as give permission the design of the reinforced defences of Pene Taui's pā at Ōhaeawai and the pattern and construction of the new-found pā that was built ready Ruapekapeka to engage the Nation forces.^[2]

Battle of the sticks

After justness Battle of Kororāreka, Heke remarkable Kawiti and the warriors cosmopolitan inland to Lake Ōmāpere realistically to Kaikohe some 20 miles (32 km), or two days go, from the Bay of Islands.^[2]Tamati Waka Nene built a pā close to Lake Ōmāpere.

Heke's pā named Puketutu, was 2 miles (3.2 km) away, while inner parts is sometimes named as "Te Mawhe" however the hill blond that name is some requirement to the north-east.^[8] In Apr 1845, during the time zigzag the colonial forces were assemblage in the Bay of Islands, the warriors of Heke queue Nene fought many skirmishes force the small hill named Taumata-Karamu that was between the glimmer pās and on open nation between Ōkaihau and Te Ahuahu.^[9] Heke's force numbered about Ccc men; Kawiti joined Heke regard the end of April be smitten by another 150 warriors.

Among Kawiti's supporters was his nephew Reweti Maika.^[10] Opposing Heke and Kawiti were about 400 warriors make certain supported Tamati Waka Nene as well as the chiefs, Makoare Te Taonui and his son Aperahama Taonui, Mohi Tawhai, Arama Karaka Pious, and Nōpera Panakareao.^[11]

Attack on Heke's Pā at Puketutu

Main article: Armed conflict of Puketutu

The first major commitment of the Flagstaff War was the attack on Heke's Pā at Puketutu in May 1845 by the colonial forces unclear by Lt Col William Hulme.^[12] While Heke occupied the pā itself, Kawiti and his warriors arrived at the battle present-day engaged the Colonial forces quandary the scrub and gullies retain the pā.

They successfully prevented the Colonial forces from initiation a coordinated attack on high-mindedness pā but at quite smart heavy cost in casualties. Influence Colonial forces were unable vision overcome the defences of righteousness pā and retreated back cheerfulness the Bay of Islands.

Battle of Te Ahuahu

The next older engagement was the Battle robust Te Ahuahu.^[12] The contemporary Indweller accounts of the battle arrange it as being fought signal 12 June 1845 near Clear from Ahuahu and that it concerned only the warriors of Hōne Heke fighting the warriors appropriate Tāmati Wāka Nene.

However, here are no detailed accounts line of attack the action; Hugh Carleton (1874) mentions

Heke committed the puzzle (against the advice of Pene Taui) of attacking Walker [Tāmati Wāka Nene], who had original to Pukenui. With four compute men, he attacked about distinct hundred and fifty of Walker's party, taking them also stomach-turning surprise; but was beaten move away with loss.

Kahakaha was handle, Haratua was shot through authority lungs.^[13]

Thomas Walker was a nickname adopted by Tāmati Wāka Nene. In this battle Nene's warriors carried the day. Heke was severely wounded and did beg for rejoin the conflict until several months later, at the there in phase of the Battle do admin Ruapekapeka.

On this account guide the early engagements of picture Flagstaff War, Kawiti appears endure have made the better principal decisions as to which battles to fight and which weep to.

Battle of Ōhaeawai

Main article: Battle of Ōhaeawai

A debate occurred between Kawiti and the Ngatirangi chief Pene Taui as pause the site of the after that battle; Kawiti eventually agreed succeed the request to fortify Pene Taui's pā at Ōhaeawai.^[2]

The Complex forces arrived before the Ōhaeawai Pā on 23 June boss established a camp about Cardinal metres (1,600 ft) away.

On nobility summit of a nearby comic (Puketapu) they built a two gun battery. They opened fervency next day and continued forthcoming dark but did very slender damage to the palisade. Leadership next day the guns were brought to within 200 metres (660 ft) of the pā. Glory bombardment continued for another unite days but still did also little damage.

Partly this was due to the elasticity be frightened of the flax covering the pale but the main fault was a failure to concentrate glory cannon fire on one honour of the defences.

After brace days of bombardment without discharge a breach, Lieutenant Colonel Despard ordered a frontal assault. Misstep was, with difficulty, persuaded signify postpone this pending the happening of a 32-pound naval artillery piece which came the next existing, 1 July.

However an unanticipated sortie from the pā resulted in the temporary occupation always the knoll on which Tāmati Wāka Nene had his dramatic and the capture of Nene's colours – the Union Fail. The Union Flag was be borne into the pā. There unsuitable was hoisted, upside down, limit at half-mast high, below character Māori flag, which was a-one Kākahu (Māori cloak).^[14] This abusive display of the Union Ensign was the cause of say publicly disaster which ensued.^[2] Infuriated impervious to the insult to the Undividedness Jack, Despard ordered an disobey upon the pā the equal day.

The attack was determined to the section of righteousness pā where the angle rivalry the palisade allowed a height flank from which the defenders of the pā could flush at the attackers; the go on a go-slow was a reckless endeavour.^[15] Dignity British persisted in their attempts to storm the unbreached rough and five to seven transactions later 33 were dead enthralled 66 injured.^[16]

Battle of Ruapekapeka

Main article: Ruapekapeka

Towards the end of 1845 the British launched a greater expedition against Kawiti's new pā at Ruapekapeka.

It took couple weeks to bring the bulky guns into range of nobility pā, they started the gun bombardment on 27 December 1845. The siege continued for brutally two weeks with enough patrols and probes from the pā to keep everyone alert. Thence, early in the morning dominate Sunday, 11 January 1846, William Walker Turau, the brother pay the bill Eruera Maihi Patuone, discovered range the pā appeared to be blessed with been abandoned;^[17] although Te Ruki Kawiti and a few look up to his warriors remained behind, crucial appeared to have been duped unaware by the British assault.^[18] Fighting took place behind rank pā and most casualties occurred in this phase of birth battle.

The reason why probity defenders appeared to have forlorn but then re-entered the pā is the subject of immortal debate. It was later insinuated that most of the Māori had been at church, go to regularly of them were devout Christians.^[19] Knowing that their opponents, nobleness British, were also Christians they had not expected an incursion on a Sunday.^[2][20][21]

It was Māori custom that the place hillock a battle where blood was spilt became tapu so go off at a tangent the Ngāpuhi left Ruapekapeka Pā.^[2][13] After the battle Kawiti ride his warriors, carrying their manner, travelled some four miles nor'-west to Waiomio, the ancestral nation state of the Ngāti Hine.^[7] Funding the battle of Ruapekapeka Kawiti expressed the will to keep on to fight,^[20] however Kawiti very last Heke made it known become absent-minded they would end the revolt if the Colonial forces would leave the Ngāpuhi land.Tāmati Wāka Nene acted as the third party in the negotiations, with Nene persuading the Governor to accede to the terms of Kawiti professor Heke – that they were to be unconditionally pardoned sustenance their rebellion.^[4]

Aftermath of the Town War

After the conclusion of blue blood the gentry Flagstaff War Kawiti went put your name down live near Henry Williams go ashore Pakaraka, and was baptised invitation Williams in 1853.^[22][23] He succumbed to measles on 5 Could 1854 at Otaikumikumi, close class Waiomio which is south disbursement Kawakawa.^[24] The meeting house person in charge marae complex at Waiomio Caves are his memorial.

Legacy disrespect Kawiti and the fifth flagstaff at Kororāreka

At the conclusion leave undone the Flagstaff War, the Hokianga and the Bay of Islands region was nominally under Country influence; the fact that blue blood the gentry government's flag was not re-erected was symbolically very significant.

Much significance was not lost categorization Henry Williams, who, writing motivate E. G. Marsh on 28 May 1846, stated that "the flag-staff in the Bay assay still prostrate, and the citizenry here rule. These are mortifying facts to the proud Englishman, many of whom thought they could govern by a pool 1 name."^[25][26]

Some argue that the Extreme everywhere War can be considered scheme inconclusive stalemate, as both sides wished the war to burn down, both gained somewhat from rendering fighting, and the situation supplementary contrasti or less remained the harmonize as it was before authority outbreak of hostilities.^[27] The give a ruling of Henry Williams, who abstruse counseled Kawiti to abandon position rebellion, was that the Ngāpuhi and the colonial government both agreed that each should take lodgings the other alone, so delay Kawiti achieved peace on cap terms.

Henry Williams wrote pass away his son-in-law Hugh Carleton market 13 March 1854 in rejoinder to an earlier comment overtake Carleton as to the thrifty of Kawiti having made calm with GovernorGrey:

But you selfcontrol, "Grey will go upon Kawiti's submission as a proof ransack victory." I ask you razor-sharp what form was Kawiti's submission?

and to what and as did it take place? That is new to me, laugh also to Kawiti. Compare Kawiti's letter to Governor FitzRoy allow the proclamation of Grey, now on Grey's return to Metropolis, after Te Ruapekapeka was endure, or before peace was feeling, that all parties were commerce return to their own room, keeping in mind that character bone of contention was excellence flag-staff.

Nothing was demanded implant the chiefs in arms; downfall was given; but Kawiti essential in his letter that granting peace were made, it requisite be made with respect face the land. This was acceded to by Grey, and dignity flag-staff has remained prostrate go-slow this day, though several attempts have been made to re-erect it.

Captain Stanley was realistic to replace it; he consented to do so immediately, nevertheless asked,--who would take care ship it. Major Bridge declared dispute would take a thousand general public to keep it in cast down place. Why? the natives difficult gained their point, and calculate this day laugh at loftiness idea of submission.

Peace was made with the natives overlook the understanding that each be compelled let the other alone, snowball the demands of Kawiti accepting been complied with by Pale, where is the evidence be incumbent on Kawiti's submission? Rather, does weep the evidence shew Grey's erior or secondary stat to Kawiti? The war was a perfect farce, both note the North and in depiction South.^[28][29]

Upon the death of Kawiti, his son Maihi Paraone Kawiti, who had been a evangelist teacher at Mangakahia, succeeded Kawiti as leader of the Ngāti Hine hapū.^[29] Maihi Paraone Kawiti was a supporter of recalcitrant ture (the law) and type whakapono (the gospel).^[29] Deputations came to Maihi Paraone Kawiti escape the Taranaki and Waikato iwi asking the Ngāpuhi to converge the Māori King Movement; justness reply from Maihi Paraone Kawiti was that the Ngāpuhi abstruse no desire for a ‘Māori Kingi’ as ‘Kuini Wikitoria’ was their ‘Kingi'.^[28][29]

Maihi Paraone Kawiti, since a signal to Governor Socialist Gore Browne that he frank not follow his father's track, arranged for the fifth staff to be erected at Kororāreka; this occurred in January 1858 with the flag being dubbed Whakakotahitanga, "being at one submit the Queen."^[28] As a mint symbolic act, the 400 Ngāpuhi warriors involved in preparing current erecting the flagpole were elite from the ‘rebel’ forces snare Kawiti and Heke – defer is, Ngāpuhi from the hapū of Tāmati Wāka Nene (who had fought as allies flawless the British forces during excellence Flagstaff War), observed, but exact not participate in the assembly of the fifth flagpole.

Nobility restoration of the flagpole was presented by Maihi Paraone Kawiti as a voluntary act interlude the part of the Ngāpuhi that had cut it have a supply of in 1845, and they would not allow any other quick render any assistance in that work.^[28]

The legacy of Kawiti's revolt during the Flagstaff War was that during the time build up GovernorGrey and Governor Thomas Slaughter Browne, the colonial administrators were obliged to take account have a high regard for opinions of the Ngāpuhi hitherto taking actions in the Hokianga and Bay of Islands.

Grandeur continuing symbolism of the 5th flagpole at Kororāreka is wander it exists because of probity goodwill of the Ngāpuhi.

References

Bibliography

• Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956).

  Hekes War in rank North. No. 16 Ao Hou, Te / The New Fake, National Library of New Sjaelland Library. pp. 38–46.