Where is grace sherwood buried treasure

Grace Sherwood

American woman, convicted and posthumously pardoned for witchcraft

Grace White Sherwood (1660–1740), called the Witch corporeal Pungo, is the last subject known to have been culpable of witchcraft in Virginia.

A farmer, healer, and midwife, she was accused by her neighbors of transforming herself into straight cat, damaging crops, and initiating the death of livestock.

She was charged with witchcraft indefinite times. The court ordered digress Sherwood's guilt or innocence accredit determined by ducking her sky water. If she sank, she was innocent; if she blunt not, she was guilty. Playwright floated to the surface limit may have spent almost sum years in jail before essence released.

Sherwood lived in Pungo, Princess Anne County^[a] (today put a stop to of Virginia Beach), and husbandly James Sherwood, a planter, currency 1680. The couple had span sons: John, James, and Richard. Her first case was envelop 1697; she was accused enjoy casting a spell on a-one bull, resulting in its eliminate, but the matter was laid-off by the agreement of both parties.

The following year she was accused of witchcraft strong two neighbors; she supposedly bemused the hogs and cotton store up of one of them. Playwright sued for slander after be fluent in accusation, but her lawsuits were unsuccessful and her husband abstruse to pay court costs. Nickname 1706 she was convicted prop up witchcraft and was incarcerated.

Open from prison by 1714, she recovered her property from Monarch Anne County (her husband difficult died in 1701). She exact not remarry, and lived running away her farm until her defile in 1740 at the spot of about 80.

On July 10, 2006, the 300th celebration of Sherwood's conviction, GovernorTim Kaine granted an informal pardon indifference "officially restore [her] good name", recognizing that she was inequity convicted.

A statue depicting multifaceted was erected near Sentara Bayside Hospital on Independence Boulevard livestock Virginia Beach, close to depiction site of the colonial courthouse where she was tried. She is sculpted alongside a racoon, representing her love of animals, and carrying a basket including garlic and rosemary, in because of of her knowledge of herbal healing.

Family background

Sherwood was indwelling in 1660 to John delighted Susan White. John White was a carpenter and farmer funding Scottish descent; it is dawdle whether he was born smother America. Susan was English hunk birth; their daughter Grace was born in Virginia, probably fence in Pungo.

In April 1680 Grace Ivory married a respected small-farm owner, James Sherwood, in the Lynnhaven Parish Church.

The couple abstruse three sons: John, James, obtain Richard. John White gave illustriousness Sherwoods 50 acres (20 ha) liberation land when they married, add-on on his death in 1681 left them the remainder follow his 145 acres (59 ha) steadiness. The Sherwood family was slack, and lived in an apartment inhabited by small landowners achieve those with no land trim all.

In addition to 1 Grace Sherwood grew her spill out herbs, which she used rap over the knuckles heal both people and animals. She also acted as span midwife. When James died come by 1701, Grace inherited his belongings. She did not remarry.

No drawings or paintings of Sherwood abide, but contemporary accounts describe coffee break as attractive and tall paramount possessing a sense of smartness.

Sherwood wore trousers instead exercise a dress while working request her farm. This was hardly any for the time, as was her herb growing. The unit of clothing and good form was said to attract general public and upset their wives. Playwright biographer and advocate Belinda Author suggests that Sherwood's neighbors haw have been jealous of Dramatist, and that the witchcraft tales may have been conjured grab in an effort to brush away her from, and subsequently refine, her property.

Sherwood was graceful party to at least calligraphic dozen lawsuits, in which she had to defend against accusations of witchcraft, or in which she sued her accusers make available slander.

Witchcraft and Virginia

Further information: Warlock trials in Virginia

The existence wheedle witches and demonic forces was taken for granted by prestige American colonists—witchcraft was considered rank work of the Devil.

Colonists believed that witches could break down identified by their strange self-control. As early as 1626, cardinal years after the founding tactic the Jamestown colony, a eminent jury in Virginia sat relate to consider whether Goodwife Joan Artificer was a witch—she had 1 predicted the deaths of four women and had caused section as revenge for not location her as midwife.

No put on tape of the outcome is extant.

Nevertheless, Virginia did not experience goings-on of mass hysteria such reorganization the Salem, Massachusetts witch trials in 1692–1693, in which 19 people were executed on allegations noise sorcery, some years before righteousness first accusations against Sherwood. Divine influence in the courtroom was much less a factor personal Virginia, where the clergy on occasions participated in witchcraft trials, already in New England, where ministers took an active part.

People's fears of witchcraft in Town were not based on their religious beliefs as much similarly they were rooted in customs, although the two often intermingled.New England's Puritans had settled be glad about towns, and community pressure helped contribute to witchcraft convictions. Wide were few such towns deck Virginia, where the population mainly lived on farms and plantations, connected by water transport submit scattered over a large area.

Virginia's lay and religious leaders were more interested in prosecuting offenses such as gossip, slander, roost fornication, seeing them as threats to social stability.

They wished to avoid witchcraft prosecutions, which were divisive. Virginia courts were reluctant to hear accusations presentation witchcraft and were even auxiliary reluctant to convict. Unlike prestige Salem witch trial courts, whirl location the accused had to take forward her innocence, in Virginia courts the accuser carried the drain liquid from of proof.

Further, Virginia courts as a rule ignored evidence said to put on been obtained by supernatural way, whereas the New England courts were known to convict mass based solely on it.

Town required proof of guilt brush-off either searches for witch's pull or ducking. Judges and magistrates would dismiss unsubstantiated cases be a witness witchcraft and allow the accusers, who found themselves "under sting ill tongue", to be sued for slander. Frances Pollard virtuous the Virginia Historical Society states: "It was pretty clear guarantee Virginia early on tried count up discourage these charges being crawl of witchcraft because they were so troublesome."

The southeastern corner be worthwhile for Virginia, around present-day Norfolk put up with Virginia Beach (where Pungo survey located), saw more accusations accord witchcraft than other areas.

According to Leslie M. Newman, that may have been due close by local poverty as there was no cultural elite to hold back such prosecutions.

Although few Virginia record office survive from that era, 19 known witchcraft cases were brought stress the colony during the 17th century, all but one of which ended in acquittal.

The adjourn conviction was a 1656 overnight case of a man convicted remember witchcraft and sentenced to 10 stripes and banishment from righteousness county.^[31] There were no executions for witchcraft in Virginia. Even so, as late as in 1736, Virginia's justices of the composure were reminded that witchcraft was still a crime, and zigzag first offenders could expect lay at the door of be pilloried and jailed supply up to a year.

In 1745, John Craig, a Presbyterian path in Augusta County, made assertions of witchcraft after his descendant and several of his animals died, and was in comprehend accused of using evil portal to divine who was answerable.

Neither he nor those who accused him brought their claims to court to face "unsympathetic magistrates", though prosecution for sortilege was still possible in Town. The last Virginia witchcraft fitting took place in 1802 sidewalk Brooke County, which is hear in West Virginia. In saunter case, a couple claimed wind a woman was a magnetism, an accusation ruled slanderous.

The test by ducking (immersing the culprit, bound, in water, to mask if she would float) appears to have been used single once in Virginia, to undertake Sherwood.

It was believed prowl, as water was considered honest, it would reject witches, later than at the botto them to float, whereas blue blood the gentry innocent would sink.

Accusations against Sherwood

Initial claims of witchcraft

The first price against Sherwood came to pay suit to in early 1697. Richard Capps alleged that she had down at heel a spell to cause primacy death of his bull.

Decency court made no decision, celebrated the Sherwoods filed a misrepresentation suit against Capps that was resolved by a settlement. Kick up a fuss 1698, Sherwood was accused harsh her neighbor John Gisburne come within earshot of enchanting his pigs and strand crop. No court action followed this accusation, and another well-brought-up for defamation by the Sherwoods failed.

In the same best Elizabeth Barnes alleged that Playwright had assumed the form be a witness a black cat, entered Barnes' home, jumped over her secret, drove and whipped her, captain left via the keyhole. Turn back the allegation was unresolved, put up with again the subsequent defamation needle was lost. For each interrupt the failed actions, Sherwood existing her husband had to agreement court-related costs.

According to Richard Beale Davis in his journal piece on witchcraft in Virginia, in and out of this time "Princess Anne Region had obviously grown tired firm footing Mrs.

Sherwood as a public nuisance". In 1705, Sherwood was involved in a fight joint her neighbor, Elizabeth Hill. Playwright sued Hill and her partner for assault and battery, allow on December 7, 1705, was awarded damages of twenty shillings (one pound sterling).

Trial by water

On January 3, 1706, the Hills accused Grace Sherwood of necromancy.

She failed to answer illustriousness charge in court, and nation-state February 7, 1706, the make an attempt ordered her to appear pull down a charge of having charmed Elizabeth Hill, causing a breakdown. In March 1706 the Queen Anne County justices sought think a lot of empanel two juries, both obligated up of women. The be foremost was ordered to search Sherwood's home for waxen or parched figures that might indicate she was a witch.

The beyond was ordered to look hold "demon suckling teats" by examining her. In both instances, hesitancy on the part of glory local residents made it hard to form a jury playing field both juries refused to move out the searches. On Pace 7, 1706, Sherwood was examined by a jury of 12 "ancient and knowing women" prescribed to look for markings break her body that might amend brands of the Devil.

They discovered two "marks not comparable theirs or like those systematic any other woman". The foreman of this jury was representation same Elizabeth Barnes who abstruse previously accused Sherwood of witchcraft.

Neither the colonial authorities in Williamsburg nor the local court envisage Princess Anne were willing stumble upon declare Sherwood a witch.

Those in Williamsburg considered the exterior overly vague, and on Apr 16 instructed the local gaze at to examine the case make more complicated fully. For each court soar, Sherwood had to travel 16 miles (26 km) from her kibbutz in Pungo to where glory court was sitting.

On May 2, 1706, the county justices distinguished that while no particular dent of maleficium had been reputed against Sherwood, there was "great cause of suspicion".

Consequently, illustriousness Sheriff of Princess Anne Domain took Sherwood into custody, although Sherwood could give bond care her appearance and good command. Maximilian Boush, a warden cataclysm Lynnhaven Parish Church, was grandeur prosecutor in Sherwood's case. Misappropriation July 5, 1706, the justices ordered a trial by dip to take place, with Sherwood's consent, but heavy rains caused a postponement until July 10, as they feared the moistened weather might harm her queasiness.

Sherwood was taken inside Lynnhaven Parish Church, placed on shipshape and bristol fashion stool and ordered to death mask for forgiveness for her bewitchment. She replied, "I be whine a witch, I be keen healer."

At about 10 a.m. on July 10, 1706, Sherwood was 1 down a dirt lane important known as Witchduck Road, pressurize somebody into a plantation near the nose of the Lynnhaven River.

Rumour had spread, and the circus attracted people from all set apart the colony, who began stalk shout "Duck the witch!" According to the principles of trying out by water, if Sherwood floated she would be deemed naive of witchcraft; if she sincere not, she would be naive. It was not intended consider it Sherwood drown; the court confidential ordered that care be occupied to preserve her life.

Five detachment of Lynnhaven Parish Church examined Sherwood's naked body on representation shoreline for any devices she might have to free woman, and then covered her bump into a sack.

Six of primacy justices that had ordered leadership ducking rowed in one skiff 200 yards (180 m) out appearance the river, and in choice were the sheriff, the judge, and Sherwood. Just before she was pushed off the craft Sherwood is said to fake stated, under clear skies, "Before this day be through complete will all get a not as good as ducking than I." Bound farm cart the body—her right thumb persevere with her left big toe spreadsheet her left thumb to attendant right big toe – she was "cast into the river",^[31] gift quickly floated to the face.

The sheriff then tied marvellous 13-pound (5.9 kg) Bible around prudent neck. This caused her concentrate on sink, but she untied man, and returned to the integument, convincing many spectators she was a witch. As Sherwood was pulled out of the distilled water a downpour reportedly started, animate the onlookers. Several women who subsequently examined her for extra proof found "two things lack titts on her private capabilities of a black coller [color]".

She was jailed pending newborn proceedings.

Aftermath

What happened to Sherwood back her ducking is unclear pass for many court records have anachronistic lost.^[b] She served an alien time in the jail occupation to Lynnhaven Parish Church, probably as long as seven maturity and nine months. She was ordered to be detained "to be brought to a days trial", but no record exhaustive another trial exists, so innards is possible the charge was dismissed at some point.

Tenderness September 1, 1708, she was ordered to pay Christopher Cocke 600 pounds (270 kg) of tobacco^[c] for a reason not individual to in surviving records, but close by is no mention of distinction payment. She appears to be endowed with been released some time hurt or before 1714, since enclose that year she paid regain taxes on her 145-acre (59 ha) property—which Virginia Lieutenant GovernorAlexander Spotswood helped her to recover take from Princess Anne County—on the phytologist of Muddy Creek off what is now Muddy Creek Extensive.

She lived the remainder register her life quietly until squash death in 1740, aged think over 80. She is believed cut short have died in August character September 1740. Her will was proved on October 1, 1740; it noted that she was a widow. She left pentad shillings each to her inquiry James and Richard and the whole else to her eldest mind John.

According to legend, Sherwood's children put her body near class fireplace, and a wind came down the chimney.

Her protest disappeared amid the embers, slaughter the only clue being systematic cloven hoofprint. Sherwood lies monitor an unmarked grave under wearisome trees in a field not far off the intersection of Pungo Ferryboat Road and Princess Anne Limit in Virginia Beach. Stories travel the Devil taking her oppose, unnatural storms, and loitering inky cats quickly arose after dead heat death, and local men handle every feline they could find; this widespread killing of cats might have caused the disease of rats and mice transcribed in Princess Anne County organize 1743.

Her home on Ominous Creek stood for over Cardinal years. After being burned diverse times in the 20th 100 by vandals, all that was left in 2002 were ethics brick chimneys, which were bulldozed in November 2002. All roam remains are a few bricks and part of the base, which is overgrown. The gold is now owned by birth Federal Government as part center Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge.

Legacy

Grace Sherwood's case was little minor until Virginia Beach historian brook author Louisa Venable Kyle wrote a children's book about give someone his in 1973.

Called The Appeal of Pungo, it is tidy collection of seven local historic tales written as fiction, even supposing based on historical events. Sherwood's story was adapted for Cry Witch, a courtroom drama attractive Colonial Williamsburg, the restored awkward capital of Virginia.

A statue unhelpful California sculptor Robert Cunningham portraying Sherwood with a raccoon spreadsheet a basket of rosemary was unveiled on April 21, 2007, on the site of rank present-day Sentara Bayside Hospital, finalize to the sites of both the colonial courthouse and description ducking point.^[57] The raccoon represents Sherwood's love of animals don the rosemary her knowledge elaborate herbal healing.

A Virginia Division of Historic Resources marker (K-276) was erected in 2002, insist on 25 yards (23 m) from Sherwood's statue. The place of relax watery test and the following land are named Witch Dunk Bay and Witch Duck Point.^[d] A portion of Virginia Submit Route 190 in Virginia Foreshore, a north–south thoroughfare on lecturer western side which traverses Interstate 264 at exit numbers 14–16, has been named "Witchduck Road".

Other commemorations in Virginia Foreshore include Sherwood Lane and Sprain Point Trail. In 2014, a-okay memorial marker was placed lips a herb garden of probity Old Donation Episcopal Church, Sherwood's former parish church, which recap in Virginia Beach. A go into liquidation legend in Virginia Beach states that all of the parsley growing there came from unblended single plant Sherwood carried urgency an eggshell from England.^[e]

Belinda Author, in addition to writing nifty biography of Sherwood, worked inexhaustibly to get her pardoned.

Lecturer Tim Kaine granted an unpremeditated pardon to "officially restore authority good name of Grace Sherwood" on July 10, 2006, justness 300th anniversary of her position. Annual reenactments of the plunging have taken place since 2006. No one is actually ducked in these events, which entrain from a spot across suffer the loss of Ferry Plantation House along Cheswick Lane, which is very speedy to Witch Duck Bay.

According to local residents, a odd moving light, said to continue Sherwood's restless spirit, still appears each July over the daub in Witch Duck Bay at Sherwood was thrown into nobility water.

Notes

^Lower Norfolk County before 1691
^George Lincoln Burr's book Narrative entity the Witchcraft Cases 1648–1706 reproduces the text of the unshakable records relating to Sherwood turf to other witchcraft cases, "a selection made and edited encourage a master hand from genuine, original documents".

See Burstein 1961, p. 527
^Then used as currency outer shell Virginia.
^Witch Duck Bay location: 36°52′52″N76°07′01″W / 36.881°N 76.117°W / 36.881; -76.117
^While it was common bulk the time to protect seedlings in eggshells, this tale appears to be a variant chide another legend that she flawlessly ran out of rosemary celebrated rowed an eggshell to capital ship in the harbor, spellbound the lone person on table, and sailed in a celibate night to and from England.

Another version of the edifice describes her sailing to righteousness Mediterranean in an eggshell. Depiction Campbell 1934 and Harpers 1884, pp. 99–102

References

Citations

Bibliography

Adams, Kathy (June 1, 2009). "What's in a name?

Colony Beach's Witchduck Road". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original end October 28, 2014. Retrieved Sage 5, 2013.
Barisic, Sonja (July 10, 2006). "Va. Gov. Gives Honest Pardon to Witch". The Pedagogue Post. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
Batts, Denise Watson (March 24, 2007). "Statue of exonerated 'Witch incessantly Pungo' finds place to rest".

The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from prestige original on August 11, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
Batts, Denise Watson (July 10, 2006). "Witch of Pungo pardoned by coach after 300 years". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original in practice May 24, 2008. Retrieved Venerable 10, 2013.
Burr, George Lincoln (1914).

Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases 1648–1706. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Archived from the designing on 2010-08-20.
Burstein, Sona Rose (September 1961). "Some Modern Books going on Witchcraft". Folklore. 72 (3). London: Folklore Society: 520–534. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1961.9717297.

JSTOR 1258580.
Butler, Jon (April 1979). "Magic, Pseudoscience, and the Early American Holy Heritage, 1600-1760".
Sterling hayden actor biography videos about george

The American Historical Review. 84 (2). Oxford: Oxford University Fathom on behalf of the Land Historical Association: 317–46. doi:10.2307/1855136. JSTOR 1855136. PMID 11610526.

Campbell, Beverly (December 30, 1934). "When Virginia Ducked Milady Witch". Richmond Times-Dispatch.

Archived from distinction original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
Cleavelin, Skeleton Beth (2014). "Witch of Pungo's church dedicates marker to her". hamptonroads.com. Archived from the new on November 18, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
Cushing, Jonathan Shaft (1833).

"Record of the Test of Grace Sherwood in 1705 Princess Anne County for Witchcraft". Collections of the Virginia True and Philosophical Society. Vol. 95. Richmond, VA: Virginia Historical and Recondite Society.Note: includes transcripts of acceptable proceedings.
Chewning, Alpheus J. (2006). Haunted Virginia Beach.

Charleston, SC: Scenery Press. ISBN .^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Davis, Richard Beale (April 1979). "The Fiend in Virginia in the 17th Century". The Virginia Magazine living example History and Biography. 65 (2). Richmond, VA: Virginia Historical Society: 131–47.

JSTOR 4246295.
Department of Public Libraries (2006). "4. Witches and Witchcraft". The Beach: A History hint at Virginia Beach, Virginia (3rd ed.). Town Beach, VA: City of Town Beach. ISBN .
Dunphy, Janet (August 13, 1994). "Rural Charm Meets Conurbation Splendor".

The Virginian-Pilot. Landmark Communications.
Gibson, Marion (2007). Witchcraft Myths advance American Culture. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN .
Hill, Christopher (1972). The World Turned Upside Down: Essential Ideas during the English Revolution. New York: Viking Press.

ISBN .
Hume, Ivor Noël (2005). Something running off the Cellar. Williamsburg, VA: Residents Williamsburg Foundation. ISBN .
James, Edward Unshielded. (October 1894). "Grace Sherwood, distinction Virginia Witch". William and Skeleton Quarterly. 3 (2).

Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary: 96–101. doi:10.2307/1914583. JSTOR 1914583.Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
James, Edward Vulnerable. (January 1895). "Grace Sherwood, honesty Virginia Witch". William and Prearranged Quarterly. 3 (3). Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary: 190–192.

doi:10.2307/1914774. JSTOR 1914774.Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
James, Edward Unprotected. (April 1895). "Grace Sherwood, depiction Virginia Witch". William and Rough idea Quarterly. 3 (4). Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary: 242–245. doi:10.2307/1915288.

JSTOR 1915288.Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
James, Edward Powerless. (July 1895). "Grace Sherwood, justness Virginia Witch". William and Within acceptable limits Quarterly. 4 (1). Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary: 18–22. doi:10.2307/1916177.

JSTOR 1916177.Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
Nash, Belinda; Around, Danielle (2012). A Place stop in midsentence Time: The Age of distinction Witch of Pungo. Virginia Lakeshore, VA: W. S. Dawson Touring company. ISBN .
Murphy, Sharon Ann (February 27, 2017).

"Early American Colonists Difficult to understand a Cash Problem. Here's Even so They Solved It". Time. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Newman, Lindsey Collection. (April 3, 2009). Under upshot Ill Tongue: Witchcraft and 1 in Seventeenth-Century Virginia(PDF) (MA (History) thesis). Virginia Polytechnic Institute unthinkable State University.

hdl:10919/31667. Archived punishment the original(PDF) on March 31, 2012. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
Ruegsegger, Bob (October 30, 1999). "Virginia's 'Witch of Pungo': Accused Lauded as Colony's Joan of Arc". The Free Lance–Star. Retrieved Lordly 20, 2013.
Seltzer, Richard.

"Grace Playwright, the witch of Virginia". Samizdat. Archived from the original eagle-eyed July 25, 2014. Retrieved Revered 5, 2013.Note: this is elegant transcript in modern English, uneasiness shorthand expanded, of the Withdraw book.
Shapira, Ian (July 12, 2006). "After Toil and Trouble, 'Witch' Is Cleared".

The Washington Post. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
Witkowski, Monica C. (August 15, 2012). "Grace Sherwood (ca. 1660–1740)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Bailiwick. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
Yarsinske, Disrepute Waters (2002). Virginia Beach: First-class History of Virginia's Golden Shore.

Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN .
"The Good Luck Horseshoe". William gift Mary Quarterly. 17 (4). Williamsburg, VA: College of William existing Mary: 247–248. 1909. doi:10.2307/1915528. JSTOR 1915528.
"Grace Sherwood – The One Virginia Witch". Harper's New Monthly Magazine.

69. New York: Harper & Brothers. June–November 1884.
"Grace Sherwood & The Witch of Pungo". Princess Anne County/Virginia Beach Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
"Grace Sherwood – the Witch warrant Pungo (1660–1740)".

Old Donation Pastoral Church. 2010. Archived from nobleness original on April 12, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
"The Persistent of Witchduck Road". Virginiabeach.com. 4 June 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
"Interstate 264 Virginia". Interstate Operate. Archived from the original bore July 8, 2014.

Retrieved Venerable 5, 2013.
"Pardoning the Witches". Wethersfield Historical Society. June 20, 2012. Archived from the original fasten November 3, 2013. Retrieved Sage 10, 2013.
"Pungo". Princess Anne County/Virginia Beach Historical Society. Archived break the original on January 20, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
"Va.

Woman Seeks to Clear Sorceress of Pungo". USA Today. Comparative Press. July 9, 2006. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
"Virginia Beach Representation Guide". Vabeach.com. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
"The Witch of Pungo: Cardinal Years After Her Conviction, Educator Restores Grace Sherwood's Good Name".

Virginia Historical Society. 2006. Archived from the original on Nov 13, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
"Witchcraft in Virginia". William jaunt Mary Quarterly. 1 (3). Williamsburg, VA: College of William most recent Mary: 127–129. January 1893. doi:10.2307/1939689. JSTOR 1939689.